Chapter 1&2

Question 1

Social Psycology

Answer 1

the scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another

Question 2

Social Neuroscience

Answer 2

an interdiscipline field that explores the neural bases of social and emotional processes and behaviors, and how these processes and behaviors affect our brain and biology

Question 3

Culture

Answer 3

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

Question 4

Social representations

Answer 4

a society’s widely held ideas and values, including assumptions and cultural ideologies. our social representations help us make since of the world

Question 5

Hindsight Bias

Answer 5

the tendency to exaggerate, after learning an outcome, one’s ability to have foreseen how something turned out. Also know as “I knew it all along” phenomena

Question 6

Theory

Answer 6

an ingrates set of principles that explain and predict observed events

Question 7

Hypothesis

Answer 7

a testable proposition that describes a relationship that may exist between events

Question 8

Field Research

Answer 8

research done in natural real-life settings outside the laboratory

Question 9

Correlational research

Answer 9

the study of the naturally occurring relationships among variables

Question 10

Experimental Research

Answer 10

studies that week clues to cause-effect relationships by manipulating one or more factors (independent variables) while controlling others (holding them constant)

Question 11

Random Sampling

Answer 11

survey procedure in which every person in the population being studied has an equal chance of inclusion

Question 12

Framing

Answer 12

the way a question or an issue is posed; framing can influence people’s decisions and expresses opinions

Question 13

Independent Variable

Answer 13

the experimental factor that a researcher manipulates

Question 14

Dependent Variable

Answer 14

the variable being measured, so called because it may depend on manipulations of the independent variable

Question 15

Random Assignment

Answer 15

the process of assigning participant to the conditions of an experiment such that all persons have the same chance of being in a given condition

Question 16

Mundane Realism

Answer 16

degree to which an experiment is superficially similar to everyday situations

Question 17

Experimental realism

Answer 17

degree to which an experiment absorbs and involves its participats

Question 18

Deception

Answer 18

in research, an effect by which participants are misinformed or misled about the study’s methods and purposes

Question 19

Demand Characteristics

Answer 19

cues in an experiment that tell the participant what behavior is expected

Question 20

Informed Consent

Answer 20

an ethical principle requring that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether thay wish to participate

Question 21

Debreifing

Answer 21

in social psychology, the post-experimental explanation to a study to the participants. Debriefing usually discloses any deception and often queries participants regarding their understanding and feeling

Question 22

Spotlight Effect

Answer 22

the belief that others are paying more attention to our appearance and behavior than they really are

Question 23

Illusion of Transparency

Answer 23

the illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be easily read by others

Question 24

Self-concept

Answer 24

what er know and believe about ourselves

Question 25

Self-schema

Answer 25

beliefs about self that organize and guide the organize and guide the processing of self-relvant information

Question 26

Possible Selves

Answer 26

images of what we dream of or dread becoming in the future

Question 27

Social Comparison

Answer 27

evaluating one’s abilities and opinions by comparing oneself with others

Question 28

Individualism

Answer 28

the concept of giving priory to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identities

Question 29

Independent Self

Answer 29

constructing one’s identity as a autonomous self

Question 30

Collectivism

Answer 30

giving priority to the goal of one’s group (often one’s extended family and work group) and defining one’s identity accordingly

Question 31

Interdependent Self

Answer 31

constructing one’s identity in relation to others

Question 32

Planning Fallacy

Answer 32

the tendency to underestimate how long it will take ti complete a task

Question 33

Impact Bias

Answer 33

overestimating the enduring impact of emotion-causing events

Question 34

Immune Neglect

Answer 34

the human tendency to underestimate the speed and strength of the “psychological immune system,” which enables emotional recovery and resilience after a bad things happen

Question 35

Dual Attitude System

Answer 35

differing implicit (automatic) and explicit (consciously controlled) attitudes toward the same object. Verbalized explicit attitudes may change with education and persuasion; implicit attitudes change slowly, with practice that forms new habit

Question 36

Self-esteem

Answer 36

a person’s overall self evaluation or sense of self-worth

Question 37

Terror Management Theory

Answer 37

proposes that people exhibit self-protective emotional and cognitive responses (including adhering more strongly to their cultural worldviews and prejudices) when confronted with reminders of their mortality`

Question 38

Self-efficacy

Answer 38

a sense that one is competent and effective, distinguished from self-esteem, which is one’s sense of self-worth. a sharpshooter in the military might feel high self-efficacy and low self-esteem

Question 39

Locus of Control

Answer 39

the extent to which people perceive outcomes as internally controllable by their own efforts or as externally controlled by chance or outside forces

Question 40

Learned Helplessness

Answer 40

the sense of helplessness and resignation learned when a human or animal perceives no control over repeated bad events

Question 41

Self-serving Bias

Answer 41

the tendency to perceive oneself favorably

Question 42

Self-serving Attributes

Answer 42

a from of self-serving bias; the tendency to attribute positive outcomes to outcomes and negative outcomes to other factors

Question 43

Defensive Pessimism

Answer 43

the adaptive value if anticipating probles and harnessing one’s anxiety to motivate effective action

Question 44

False Consensus Effect

Answer 44

the tendency to overestimate the commonality of one’s opinions and one’s undesirable or unsuccessful behaviorss

Question 45

False Uniqueness Effect

Answer 45

the tendency to underesitmate the commonality of one’s abilities and one’s desirable or successful behaviors

Question 46

Group-serving Bias

Answer 46

explaining away out-group members’ positive behaviors; also attributing negative behaviors to their dispositions (while excusing such behavior by one’s own group)

Question 47

Self-handicapping

Answer 47

protecting one’s self-image with behaviors that create a handy excuse for later failure

Question 48

Self-presentation

Answer 48

the act of expressing oneself and behaving in ways designed to create a favorable impression that corresponds to one’s ideals

Question 49

Self-monitoring

Answer 49

being attuned to the way ine presents oneself in social situations and adjusting one’s performance to create the desired impression