Chapter 1, 2 & 3

Question 1

Worker

Answer 1

An individual who contributes to the accomplishment of work goals.

Question 2

Planning

Answer 2

A process that includes defining goals, establishing strategy, and developing plans to coordinate activities.

Question 3

Manager

Answer 3

an individual who achieves goals through other people

Question 4

Organization

Answer 4

A consciously coordinated social unit, composed of two or more people, that functions on a relatively continuous basis to achieve a common goal or set of goals.

Question 5

Organizational Behavior

Answer 5

(OB) A field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups, and structure have on behavior within organizations for the purpose of applying such knowledge toward improving an organization’s effectiveness.

Question 6

Organizing

Answer 6

Determining what tasks are to be done, who is to do them, how the tasks are to be grouped, who reports to whom, and where decisions are to be made.

Question 7

People Skills

Answer 7

The ability to work with, understand, and motivate other people, both individually and in groups

Question 8

Controlling

Answer 8

Monitoring activities to ensure that they are being accomplished as planned and correcting any significant deviations.

Question 9

Technical Skills

Answer 9

the ability to apply specialized knowledge or expertise

Question 10

Inputs

Answer 10

Variables like personality, group structure, and organizational culture that lead to processes.

Question 11

systematic study

Answer 11

Looking at relationships, attempting to attribute causes and effects, and drawing conclusions based on scientific evidence.

Question 12

Evidence-based Management (EBM

Answer 12

(EBM) Basing managerial decisions on the best available scientific evidence.

Question 13

Intuition

Answer 13

an instinctive feeling not necessarily supported by research

Question 14

Globalization

Answer 14

The process in which worldwide integration and interdependence is promoted across national borders.

Question 15

contingency variables

Answer 15

Situational factors or variables that moderate the relationship between two or more variables.

Question 16

corporate social responsibility (CSR)

Answer 16

An organization’s self-regulated actions to benefit society or the environment beyond what is required by law.

Question 17

Model

Answer 17

An abstraction of reality, a simplified representation of some real-world phenomenon

Question 18

conceptual skills

Answer 18

The mental ability to analyze and diagnose complex situations.

Question 19

processes

Answer 19

Actions that individuals, groups, and organizations engage in as a result of inputs and that lead to certain outcomes.

Question 20

outcomes

Answer 20

Key factors that are affected by other variables

Question 21

Stress

Answer 21

a generally unpleasant perception and appraisal of stressors

Question 22

organizational citizenship behavior (OCB)

Answer 22

Discretionary behavior that contributes to the psychological and social environment of the workplace.

Question 23

withdrawal behavior

Answer 23

The set of actions employees take to separate themselves from the organization

Question 24

productivity

Answer 24

the combination of effectiveness and efficiency of an organization

Question 25

Effectiveness

Answer 25

The degree to which an organization meets the needs of its customers

Question 26

Efficiency

Answer 26

The degree to which an organization can achieve its end at a low cost

Question 27

Surface-level diversity

Answer 27

Differences in easily perceived characteristics, such as gender, race, ethnicity, or age, that do not necessarily reflect the ways people think or feel but that may activate certain stereotypes

Question 28

deep-level diversity

Answer 28

Differences in values, personality, and work preferences that become progressively more important for determining similarity as people get to know one another better.

Question 29

implicit bias

Answer 29

Prejudice that may be hidden outside one’s conscious awareness

Question 30

discrimination

Answer 30

actions or behaviors that create, maintain, or reinforce some groups’ advantages over other groups and their members

Question 31

disparate impact

Answer 31

When employment practices have an unintentional discriminatory effect on a legally protected group of people

Question 32

microaggressions

Answer 32

Automatic, subtle, stunning exchanges between people that negatively impact those with minority or marginalized backgrounds.

Question 33

disparate treatment

Answer 33

When employment practices have an intentional discriminatory effect on a legally protected group of people.

Question 34

social categorization

Answer 34

A process through which people make sense of others by constructing social categories, or groups sharing similar characteristics.

Question 35

stereotype threat

Answer 35

The degree to which we are concerned with being judged by or treated negatively based on a certain stereotype

Question 36

system justification theory

Answer 36

The theory that group members often accept, rationalize, legitimate, or justify their experiences with inequality, prejudice, or discrimination

Question 37

prejudice

Answer 37

An attitude representing broad, generalized feelings toward a group or its members that maintains the hierarchy between that group and other groups

Question 38

Stigma

Answer 38

Attributes that cannot be readily seen, are concealable, and convey an identity that is devalued in certain social contexts.

Question 39

social dominance theory

Answer 39

The theory that prejudice and discrimination are based on a complex hierarchy, with one group dominating over another and the dominating group enjoying privilege not afforded to the subordinate group.

Question 40

intersectionality

Answer 40

idea that identities interact to form different meanings and experiences

Question 41

Fault lines

Answer 41

split a group into relatively homogeneous subgroups based on the group members’ demographic alignment along multiple attributes

Question 42

equity

Answer 42

striving to provide access to the same opportunities for all workers, recognizing that some people are afforded privileges while others are confronted with barriers

Question 43

inclusion

Answer 43

creating an environment where all people feel valued, welcomed, and included

Question 44

common ingroup identity

Answer 44

The idea that bias can be reduced and inclusion can be fostered by transforming workers’ focus on what divides them (e.g., “us” and “them”) to what unites them (e.g., “we”).

Question 45

contact hypothesis

Answer 45

The idea that the more people from diverse backgrounds interact with one another, the more prejudice and discrimination between the groups will decrease over time.

Question 46

tokenism

Answer 46

When management makes only a perfunctory effort to enhance representation to make it seem like the company values diversity.

Question 47

attitudes

Answer 47

judgments or evaluative statements about objects, people, or events

Question 48

job satisfaction

Answer 48

a positive feeling about ones job resulting from evaluation of its characteristics

Question 49

Perceived organizational support (POS)

Answer 49

the degree to which employees believe an organization values contribution and cares about their well-being

Question 50

cognitive component

Answer 50

the opinion or belief segment of an attitude

Question 51

job involvement

Answer 51

The degree to which a person identifies with a job, actively participates in it, and considers performance important to self-worth.

Question 52

Organizational identification

Answer 52

The extent to which employees define themselves by the same characteristics that define their organization.

Question 53

affective component

Answer 53

the emotional or feeling segment of an attitude

Question 54

psychological empowerment

Answer 54

Employees’ belief in the degree to which they affect their work environment, competence, meaningfulness of their job, and autonomy in their work.