Chapter 1-2 Flashcards
Define Paleo-Indians
First migrants of NA
Define Beringia
the land bridge between Serbia and Alaska
Define Clovis Point
Spear head used by Paleo-Indians
Define Hunter-Gatherer
A way of life that involved hunting game and gathering from naturally occurring sources
Define Archaic Indians
Hunting and gathering peoples that descended from Paleo-Indians
Define pueblos
agricultural settlements and Multiunit dwellings , storage , and ceremonial centers
Define Pueblo Bonito
the largest residential and ceremonial site
Define burial mounds
Earthen mounds constructed by ancient American peoples
Define chiefdom
hierarchal social organization headed by a chief
Define Cahokia
largest ceremonial site in NA
Define Mexica
an empire that stretched from coast to coast across Central Mexico and encompassed about 25 millions people
Define tribute
The goods the Mexica collected from conquered people
Why do historians rely on the work of archaeologists to write the history of ancient NA?
Archaeologists study the artifacts and physical objects which indicate a rough culture and chronological boundary between the human beings studied by the two groups of scholars , a boundary marked by the use of writing.
How and why did humans migrate into NA after 15,000 BP?
They crossed the Bering Strait and they migrated because they were following the larger mammals
Why did Archaic Native Americans shift from big game hunting to foraging and hunting smaller animals ?
Because the bigger game was going extinct
How did food gathering strategies influence ancient cultures across NA ?
Agriculture made is possible to establish permanent settlements in of having to follow the migration of the animals
What cultural similarities were shared by the diverse peoples of the Western Hemisphere in the 1490s , and Why?
Agriculture because agriculture was effective due to the extinction of larger mammals and agriculture helped supply for hunting & gathering
Why was tribute important in the Mexican Empire?
Tribute redistributed to the Mexica as much as onethird of the goods produced by conquered tribes.
Define Black Death
disease in the 14th century that killed a 1/3 of Europe’s population
Define Reconquest
centuries-long drive to expel Muslims from the Iberian Peninsula undertaken by the Christians kingdoms of Spain and Portugal
Define Tainos
Indians who inhabited San Salvador and many Caribbean islands and who were the first people Columbus encountered after making landfall in the New World
Define Treaty of Tordesillas
The treaty negotiated in 1494 to delineate land claims in the New World
Define Columbian Exchange
the transatlantic exchange of goods, people, and ideas that began when Columbus arrived in the Caribbean, ending the age-old separation of the hemispheres
Define conquistadors
“conqueror”, Spanish explorers and soldiers who conquered lands in the New World
Define Incan Empire
region under the control of the Incas and their emperor, Atahualpa
Define Acoma Publo Revolt
Revolt against the Spaniards by Indians living at the Acoma pueblo in 1599.
Define New Spain
Land in the New World held by the Spanish crown
Define encomienda
A system for governing used during the Reconquest and in New Spain.
Define Creoles
Children born to Spanish parents in the New World
Define Protestant Reformation
the reform movement that began in 1517 with Martin Luther’s critiques of the Roman Catholic Church
Why did European exploration expand dramatically in the fifteenth century?
It expanded dramatically because of search for new information, new opportunities , and eventually discover of a world entirely new to europeans
How did Columbus’s discoveries help revolutionize Europeans’ understanding of global geography?
It helped show that the world was not flat and also that there are completely new continents that have yet to be discovered
How did Spain’s conquests in the New World shape Spanish influence in Europe?
It helped create the Golden Age of Spain
