Chapter 1&2

Question 1

The main objective of __________control is to limit the chemical dosage of a chemical by minimizing or preventing exposure.

Answer 1

health hazard

Question 2

one involving the least total cost.

Answer 2

OPTIMUM ECONOMIC DESIGN

Question 3

deals with process operating variable and equipment design variable other than those strictly related to structural concerns

Answer 3

PARAMETRIC OPTIMIZATION

Question 4

includes expenses for direct labor, raw materials, power, heat, supplies and similar items which are a function of the amount of material produced.

Answer 4

OPERATING COST

Question 5

__________ are due to expenses for directive personnels, physical equipment and other services/facilities which must be maintained irrespective of the amount of material produced

Answer 5

ORGANIZATION COST

Question 6

__________ min. expenses for raw material, labor, power, etc-**remain constant while

_____________ costs are extra expenses due to increasing the rate of production such as expenses caused by overload on power facilities, additional labor requirement or decreased efficiency of
conversion

Answer 6

OPERATING COSTS
Super production

Question 7

Represents the amount of a design that would be used to account not only the changes in the operating performance with time and with characteristics in the design process

Answer 7

SAFETY FACTOR

Question 8

___________ is a complex phenomena that may involve one or more forms

Answer 8

Corrosion

Question 9

_____________ is a corrosion of metals; confined to the metal surface but sometimes may occur along grain boundaries or other metal weaknesses because of the difference in resistance to metals or local electrolytic action

Answer 9

Chemical or electrochemical corrosion

Question 10

is the deterioration of plastics and other nonmetals resulting in swelling, crazing, cracking, softening, and/or decomposition

Answer 10

Physiochemical Corrosion

Question 11

___________ can also be initiated by galvanic action, impingement, cavitation or hydrogen attack

Answer 11

Corrosive action

Question 12

an electric potential can be set operating between two series of various metals; can be prevented by insulating metals from each other

Answer 12

Galvanic Corrosion

Question 13

Corrosion rate of most metals is affected by ______

Metals such as Al and Zn dissolve rapidly in either __________or _____

Answer 13

pH
acidic or basic solution

Question 14

________ are not appreciably affected by pH

Answer 14

Noble metals

Question 15

_________ often are powerful accelerators of corrosion

Answer 15

Oxidizing agents

Question 16

Rate of __________ tends to increase with rising temperature and will also increase with an increase in volume. In addition, temperature has secondary effect through its influence on the solution of air which is the ________ influencing corrosion

Answer 16

corrosion
principal oxidizer

Question 17

STRUCTURAL CORROSION includes at least three (3) different types of material damage

a)___________involves gray cast iron in which the metal is converted to graphite’s mixed with iron corrosion products

b)__________ is corrosion of a brass alloy containing Zn in which the principal product of corrosion is metallic copper

c) ___________ the metabolic activity of microorganisms can either directly or indirectly cause deterioration of a metal by corrosion processes

Answer 17

Graphitic corrosion
Dezincification
Biological corrosion

Question 18

_______ activity in the fluid can produce corrosive environment, create electrolytic concentration cell in the metal surface films, have an influence on the rate of anodic or cathodic reaction or alter the environmental composition

Answer 18

BIOLOGICAL

Question 19

Microorganisms associated with corrosion are either:
a) ________-thrive in the presence of oxygen

b) _______-thrive in the absence of oxygen

Answer 19

Aerobic
Anaerobic

Question 20

Change in environment

_______ is an important factor in corrosion; removal or addition can result in marked change in corrosion

Reduction in __________ = reduction in corrosion

Modification of _____ values to less acidic condition also can result in less corrosion

Eliminating _____ minimizes corrosion of metals

Answer 20

Oxygen
temperature
pH
Moisture

Question 21

-________ is effective when they can influence the cathode or anode areas reactions

Use of __________ coatings and lining materials in combination with steel

Answer 21

inhibition
nonmetallic

Question 22

Two (2) General Classifications of Materials

Answer 22

Metals & Nonmetals

Question 23

Meaning of AISI

Answer 23

American Iron and Steel Institute

Question 24

____________ is the most commonly used material. For chemical processes industries used with most organic chemicals and neutral or basic aqueous solutions at moderate temperature.

Answer 24

Ferrous Metals/Alloys Carbon steel

Question 25

____________ contain **one or more alloying components** to improve the **mechanical and corrosive resistance** property over those of **Carbon Steel**

Answer 25

**Low-Alloy Steel**

Question 26

________ **increases toughness** and improves **low temperature properties and corrosion resistance**

Answer 26

**Nickel**

Question 27

______________ improves **hardness/abrasion resistance, corrosion resistance** and resistance to oxidation

Answer 27

**Chromium and Silicon**

Question 28

_________ provides added **strength for higher temperature operation**

Answer 28

**Molybdenum**

Question 29

**Stainless Steel** - There are **more than 70 standard-types of SS** produced in the wrought form (AISI types) and as cast alloys (ACI types) 1. _______alloys contain **12-20% Chromium with controlled amount of Carbon and other alloys**. Tensile strength from 550-1380 MPa, **poor corrosion resistance** relative to Austenitic SS; **good only for environment that are only mildly corrosive** 2. ________ SS contain **15-30% Chromium with 0.1% or less Carbon content**. Strength can be increased by **cold working** but not by hot treatment. 3. _________ SS **most corrosive resistant among the 3**; contain **16-26%Chromium and 6-22% nickel** Can be worked hardened but **heat treatment won't cause hardening** Tensile strength in the annealed condition is 585 MP about work hardening can increase 2000MPa; **addition of Molybdenum can increase corrosion**

Answer 29

1. **Martensitic** 2. **Ferritic** 3. **Austenitic**

Question 30

________ exhibits **high corrosion resistance** to most **alkaline**

Answer 30

**Nickel**

Question 31

__________ used extensively for **equipment in caustic soda producing alkaline** production

Answer 31

**Nickel clad Steel**

Question 32

**_________and its Alloys** - **Light and easy to fabricate** - **Resists attacks by acid** because of **surface film** - **Lower corrosion resistance** than pure metal - **Metallic Mercury**, **heavy metals ions or chloride ions** can cause **rapid failure**

Answer 32

**Aluminum and its Alloys**

Question 33

**_________ and its Alloys** - Can be **fabricated easily into different shapes** - Readily **susceptible to oxidation** - **Resistant to atmospheric, moisture, oxygen** because a protective coating Of copper oxide is found on the surface

Answer 33

**Copper and its Alloys**

Question 34

- Alloys include _________ **Admiralty and Munitz metals** which can **resist better corrosion resistance** and better mechanical properties than pure copper - With **high _____ alloys** -not be used with acids or alkaline; possible of **dezincification**

Answer 34

****Bronze**,** **Zn**

Question 35

**_______ and Alloys** - Has **low creep and fatigue resistance** - Good **resistance to sulphuric acid and phosphoric acid** but **susceptible to attack by acetic or nitric acid**

Answer 35

**Lead and Alloys**

Question 36

**physical properties similar to mild steel** with the exception of its melting point (2996 deg C) **Highly strong with with medium weight** **Corrosion resistance is superior in oxidizing** and **acid reducing medium**

Answer 36

**Tantalum**

Question 37

- Has excellent **resistance to reducing environment** - **Oxidizing agent caused accelerated attack** - **Resists all chlorides** except ferric and cupric - **Damaged by sulphuric acid above 70%**

Answer 37

**Zirconium**

Question 38

____________ include **glass, stoneware, brick, cement** Have **low structural strength**

Answer 38

**Inorganic Nonmetals**

Question 39

________ -limited to **relatively moderate temperature and pressure** 1. Plastics 2. Rubber and elastomers 3. Carbon and graphite

Answer 39

**Organic Nonmetals**