Chapter 1 & 2

Question 1

Penology

Answer 1

The study of the use of punishment for criminal acts.

Question 2

Penitentiary

Answer 2

From the word penance, the term penitentiary was established and used for secure facilities used to hold offenders serving a criminal sentence.

Question 3

What does penal mean?

Answer 3

pertaining to or imposing punishment and is derived from the Latin term peonalis, meaning “punishment”.

Question 4

Cesare Beccaria

Answer 4

Believed that crime is a choice and that an offender consciously & knowingly commits a crime. Also wrote the book, “An Essay on Crime and Punishment”.

Question 5

Hedonistic Calculus

Answer 5

Invented by Jeremy Bentham, says that a smart person’s main goal is to gain the most amount of reward with little to no pain.

Question 6

Who came up with Hedonistic Calculus?

Answer 6

Jeremy Bentham

Question 7

Neoclassical School

Answer 7

Offenders are accountable for their crimes but they will allow consideration of mitigating & aggravating circumstances. Believed that no one has free will, we all play off of what others in society do. We are still the “author” of our own actions.

Question 8

Transportation

Answer 8

In the 17th & 18th century, criminals would be ___________ to America or Australia “for profit”. Overcrowding was expected & many prisoners died on these ships

Question 9

Who was the sheriff of Bedfordshire in 1773 and passed the Penitentiary Act?

Answer 9

John Howard

Question 10

Walnut Street Jail

Answer 10

Although seen as a failure, this the Walnut Street Jail became the model for jails and prisons in America. Prisoners were isolated, worked 8-10 hours a day, and was overcrowded.

Question 11

Pennsylvania System

Answer 11

Isolation with work 8-10 hours a day, Walnut Street Jail was an example of this.

Question 12

Auburn System

Answer 12

Used an “inside cell design” & small cells were only used for sleeping. Emphasis was still on silence & prisoners were whipped if caught talking. Used the lockstep formation. Also used the “congregate and silent” system

Question 13

Reformatory Era

Answer 13

Pushed reformation in the form of education and vocational programs. However, this was a large financial burden for the states.

Question 14

Industrial Prison Era

Answer 14

Focused on using prisoners to make goods & for work. Hawes-Cooper Act and Ashurst Sumner’s Act prohibited some states to ban goods that were built by prisoners to be sold.

Question 15

Rehabilitative Era

Answer 15

Reintegrating prisoners into the world instead of punitive measures or abuse. Medical model used in this era as well.

Question 16

Penal Code

Answer 16

a code of laws concerning crimes and offenses and their punishment

Question 17

Classical School

Answer 17

Founded by Cesare Beccaria. This school of thought says offenders choose to engage in crime and have free will to do so.

Question 18

Jeremy Bentham

Answer 18

Believed that potential offenders would consider the consequences of their actions and be deterred from the commission of the crime. Utilitarian Perspective.

Question 19

Positive School

Answer 19

Created by Cesare Lombroso. Believed that criminals do not have a complete choice over if they commit crimes or not. Physical traits are linked to one’s criminal history/desire to commit crime.

Question 20

Cesare Lambroso

Answer 20

Created the positive school of thought. Believed that criminal’s behavior was predetermined and they do not have a choice on it they commit crimes.

Question 21

Atavism

Answer 21

The tendency to revert back to your ancestral or ancient ways.

Question 22

Medical Model

Answer 22

“Treat” the inmate like a disease by diagnosing the problem and providing treatment. Focused on rehabilitation, reintegration, and inmate treatment.

Question 23

Retributive Era

Answer 23

Tough on crime & isolation from law abiding citizens. Response to rehabilitative model in that many think it does not work & does not deter crime.

Question 24

Specific Deterrence

Answer 24

Specific deterrence deters and individual offender from committing more crimes

Question 25

General Deterrence

Answer 25

General deterrence deters the general population from committing crime.

Question 26

Incapacitation

Answer 26

Strength & power taken from a person. Incarceration of high risk offenders.

Question 27

Restitution

Answer 27

Has to do with restorative justice. An offender (literally or figuratively) paying the victim(s) for their crime committed.

Question 28

Sentencing

Answer 28

The imposition of criminal sanction by judicial authority. A rule from the courts saying the amount of time you will spend incarcerated or any means of rehabilitation.

Question 29

Felony

Answer 29

A federal crime and is held for more than one year in prison.

Question 30

Misdemeanor

Answer 30

A sentence that is carried out in jail and is usually for less than a year.

Question 31

Pretrial Diversion

Answer 31

An alternative to criminal court proceedings & focuses on rehabilitation for criminals & helps to prevent reoccurring offenders.

Question 32

Bail

Answer 32

A pledge of money or property in exchange for promise to return for trial process.

Question 33

Surety

Answer 33

A person acting for another person who has committed a crime & they are liable for them. For example, they appear in court for the offender.

Question 34

ROR

Answer 34

Stands for Release On Recognizance. This means you can get bail without paying bond & makes the promise that they will attend court when promised.

Question 35

Plea Bargaining

Answer 35

An agreement in which the defendant agrees to in exchange for a reduced sentence. 90% of criminal cases result in these deals. Relives the backed up court system.

Question 36

Presentence Investigation Report

Answer 36

Report detailing the background of a convicted offender, including criminal and personal history. Used in sentencing, prison classification, and parole boards. Information collected through interviews & police & court data.

Question 37

What does PSI stand for?

Answer 37

Presentence Investigation

Question 38

Economic Sanction

Answer 38

This is a type of intermediate sanction that can include fines for the crime committed, societal offender restitution, or victim compensation.

Question 39

Community Service

Answer 39

Voluntary work for an organization sometimes used as punishment for offenders. There is usually a given amount of hours offenders will have to reach as part of their sentence.

Question 40

Probation

Answer 40

A sentence imposed by the court that does not involve confinement but does impose conditions to restrain offender’s actions.

Question 41

What do parole boards do?

Answer 41

Gathers information on behavior while incarcerated from records and staff.

Question 42

Intermediate Sanctions

Answer 42

Midlevel punishments for those who break the law. Falls between incarceration & probation.

Question 43

Capital Punishment

Answer 43

Also called the death penalty. Putting an offender to death as punishment for their crime.

Question 44

Concurrent Sentences

Answer 44

Means they serve the sentence all at the same time.

Question 45

Consecutive Sentences

Answer 45

Means they serve it one after the other.

Question 46

Indeterminate Sentences

Answer 46

Have a minimum and maximum length and a release authority has discretion of release date

Question 47

Determinate Sentencing

Answer 47

A sentence of fixed terms, meaning it is definite & unchanging.

Question 48

Truth in Sentencing

Answer 48

Part of the determinate sentencing model. Talks about being truthful in that a criminal will serve their entire sentence instead of providing a vague one to follow.

Question 49

Drug Courts

Answer 49

These are an alternative to traditional court models which deals with addiction issues. They provide support for substance users instead of focusing on incarceration for their use of illegal substances.