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PSYCH 102 > Chapter 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 & 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of psychology?

A

The scientific study of the mind, brain and behaviour.

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2
Q

What are levels of analysis?

A

Rungs on a ladder of analysis with lower levels tied most closely to biological influences and high levels tied most closely to social influences.

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3
Q

Who is Mary Wilton Calkins?

A

1863-1929

First woman to complete all the requirements for becoming a psychologist, but was not awarded her PhD… because she’s a woman.

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4
Q

Who is Dr. Margaret Floy Washburn?

A

1871-1939

First woman awarded her PhD in 1984.

Her animal studies defied the predominant belief that viewed mental processes as unobservable.

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5
Q

Who is Dr. Ruth Winifred Howard?

A

1900-1997

First African-American woman to receive her PhD in Psychology from a psychology department (1934) — although some argue it was Inez Prosser (who had an EdD)

Clinical expert know child development and delinquency, conducted the most comprehensive triplet studies ever done.

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6
Q

Who is Dr. Karen Horney?

A

1882-1952

Challenged Freud’s gender-biased concepts (e.g. penis envy) by positing that men suffered from womb envy (1926) and emphasized the role of social influence on personality and wrote what is considered to be the first help book.

Known for Feminine/Feminist Psychology and Self-Theory

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7
Q

Who is Dr. Mary J. Wright?

A

1915-2014

First woman president of the Canadian Psychological Association (1968)

Established the University of Laboratory School at University of Western Ontario, a preschool which allows interactive education and researcher observation.

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8
Q

Who is Doreen Kimura?

A

1933-2013

Established the neuropsychology unit (one of the first in Canada) at London University Hospital

Expert on sex differences in the brain (book: Sex and Cognition, 1999)

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9
Q

What is health psychology?

A

Studies the connection between illness, behavioural processes, cultural factors and the healthcare system and how these variables influence physical health.

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10
Q

What is Environmental Psychology (aka Conservation Psychology)?

A

How humans interact with their environment including nature and pro-environmental choices.

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11
Q

What is Positive Psychology?

A

A holistic approach that uses scientific ideals and the power of positive thinking to steer the individual toward positive life experiences. It is seen as treating the person rather than the illness.

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12
Q

What is Indigenous Psychology?

A

The scientific study of the mind and human behaviour based on a social, cultural and/or ecological viewpoint, focusing specifically on native people in their own context.

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13
Q

What is Cultural Psychology?

A

How behaviour is shaped by culture and vice versa.

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14
Q

What is feminist psychology?

A

A critical view of the way research is conducted largely from the male perspective by focusing on gender issues and social structure.

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15
Q

What is neuropsychology?

A

How behaviour is shaped by the brain and nervous system, including research and clinical applications.

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16
Q

What is forensic psychology?

A

The study of psychological factors in relation to the criminal justice system.

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17
Q

Who is Wilhelm Wundt?

A

Thought of as the father of psychology — established the first psych lab in Germany in 1879

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18
Q

What is functionalism?

A

the school of thought that focuses on how the mind allows people to function in the real world, such as adapting to surroundings

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19
Q

Who founded psychoanalysis?

A

Sigmund Freud

School of psychology that focuses on internal psychological processes of which we are unaware

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20
Q

Who is John B. Watson?

A

Famous for “Little Albert” experiment.

Follower of behaviourism, believed we should focus only on observable behaviourism and how learning occurs.

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21
Q

What are the 5 rights of ETHICAL STANDARDS?

A
  1. Voluntary participation (informed consent)
  2. Ensured Confidentiality
  3. Freedom to Withdraw
  4. Participant must be debriefed
  5. Deception can only be used if justified
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22
Q

Traps in thinking that can lead to errors in conclusions

A

Logical fallacies

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23
Q

using emotions to determine whether or not a claim is true

A

emotional reasoning fallacy

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24
Q

assuming something is correct just because other people believe it

A

Bandwagon fallacy

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25
Q

Believing we are somehow immune to errors in thinking that happen to other people

A

Not me fallacy

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26
Q

Drawing a conclusion on the bases of insufficient evidence

A

Hasty Generalization fallacy

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27
Q

Assuming a claim is true because no one has proven it

A

Appeal to Ignorance fallacy

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28
Q

Framing a question as though there were only two possible explanations

A

Either-Or Fallacy

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29
Q

What are self-report measures?

A

Questionnaires that ask you questions about personality traits, functioning, personal interests, and mental illnesses. Their accuracy relies on your honest answers.

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30
Q

What is positive correlation?

A

As one variable increases, so does the other.

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31
Q

What is negative correlation?

A

As one variable increases, the other decreases.

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32
Q

What is zero correlation?

A

No relationship is found.

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33
Q

What does multiply determined mean?

A

Caused by many factors.

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34
Q

Define individual differences.

A

variations among people in their thinking, emotion, personality and behaviour

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35
Q

What is introspection?

A

Method by which trained observers carefully reflect and report on their mental experiences.

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36
Q

What is structuralism?

A

School of psychology that aimed to identify the basic elements of psychological experience.

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37
Q

What is natural selection?

A

Principle that organisms possess adaptations to survive and reproduce at a higher rate than other organisms.

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38
Q

What is behaviourism?

A

School of psychology that focuses on uncovering the general laws of learning by looking at observable behaviour.

39
Q

What is cognitive psychology?

A

School of psychology that proposes that thinking is central to understanding behaviour.

40
Q

What is cognitive neuroscience?

A

Relatively new field of psychology that examines the relation between brain functioning and thinking.

41
Q

What is evolutionary psychology?

A

Discipline that applies Darwin’s theory of natural selection to human and animal behaviour.

42
Q

What is naive realism?

A

Belief that we see the world exactly as it is.

43
Q

What is scientific theory?

A

Explanation for a large number of findings in the natural world.

44
Q

Define hypothesis.

A

Testable prediction derived from a scientific theory.

45
Q

What is confirmation bias?

A

Tendency to seek out evidence that supports our hypothesis and deny, dismiss or distort evidence that contradicts them.

46
Q

What is belief perseverance?

A

Tendency to stick to our initial beliefs even when evidence contradicts them.

47
Q

What is metaphysical claim?

A

Assertion about the world that is not testable.

48
Q

What is pseudoscience?

A

Set of claims that seems scientific but isn’t.

49
Q

What is ad hoc immunizing hypothesis?

A

Escape hatch or loophole that defenders of a theory use to protect their theory from falsification.

50
Q

What is patternicity?

A

The tendency to detect meaningful patterns in random stimuli.

51
Q

What is terror management theory?

A

Theory proposing that our awareness of our death leaves us with an underlying sense of terror we cope with by adopting reassuring cultural world views.

52
Q

What is scientific skeptism?

A

Approach of evaluating all claims with an open mind but insisting on persuasive evidence before accepting them.

53
Q

What is critical thinking?

A

Set of skills for evaluating all claims in an open-minded and careful fashion.

54
Q

What is correlation-causation fallacy?

A

Error of assuming that because one thing is associated with another, it must cause the other.

55
Q

What is variable?

A

Anything that can vary.

56
Q

What is falsifiable?

A

Capable of being disproved.

57
Q

What is risky prediction?

A

Forecast that stands a good chance of being wrong.

58
Q

What is replicability?

A

When a study’s findings are able to be duplicated, ideally by dependent investigators.

59
Q

What is basic research?

A

Research examining how the mind works.

60
Q

What is applied research?

A

Research examining how we can use basic research to solve real world problems.

61
Q

What is a prefrontal lobotomy?

A

Surgical procedure that severs fibres connecting the brain lobes of the brain from the underlying thalamus.

62
Q

What is heuristic?

A

Mental shortcut or rule of thumb that helps us to streamline our thinking and make sense of our world.

63
Q

What is natural observation?

A

Watching behaviour in real world settings without trying to manipulate the situation.

64
Q

What is external validity?

A

Extent to which we can generalize findings to real world settings.

65
Q

What is internal validity?

A

Extent to which we can draw cause and effect interferences from a study.

66
Q

What is a case study?

A

Research design that examines one person or a small number of people in depth, often over an extended period of time.

67
Q

What is existence proof?

A

Demonstration that a given or psychological phenomenon can occur.

68
Q

What is random selection?

A

Procedure that ensures that every person in a population has an equal chance of being chosen to participate

69
Q

What is reliability?

A

Consistency of measurement.

70
Q

What is validity?

A

Extent to which a measure assesses what it purports to measure.

71
Q

What is response set?

A

Tendency of research participants to distort their responses to questionnaire items.

72
Q

What is correlation design?

A

Research design that examines the extent to which two variables are associated.

73
Q

What is scatterplot?

A

Grouping of points on a two dimensional graph in which each dot represents a single persons data.

74
Q

What is illusory correlation?

A

Perception of a statistical association between two variables where none exist.

75
Q

What is an experiment?

A

Research design characterized by random assignment of participants to conditions and manipulation of an independent variable.

76
Q

What is a random assignment?

A

Randomly sorting participants into groups.

77
Q

What is an experimental group?

A

In an experiment, the group of participants that receives the manipulation.

78
Q

What is a control group?

A

In an experiment, the group of participants that doesn’t receive the manipulation.

79
Q

What is between-subjects design?

A

In an experiment, researchers assign different groups to the control or experimental condition.

80
Q

What is within-subject design?

A

In an experiment, each participants acts as his or her own control.

81
Q

What is an independent variable?

A

A variable that an experimenter manipulates.

82
Q

What is a dependent variable?

A

Variable that an experimenter measures to see whether the manipulation has an effect.

83
Q

What is operational definition?

A

A working definition of what a researcher is measuring.

84
Q

What is placebo effect?

A

Improvement resulting from the mere expectation of improvement.

85
Q

What is “blind”?

A

Unaware of whether one is in the experimental or control group.

86
Q

What is an experimenter expectancy effect?

A

Phenomenon in which researchers hypothesis lead them to unintentionally bias the outcome of a study.

87
Q

What is double blind?

A

When neither researchers nor participants are aware of who is in the experimental or control group.

88
Q

What are demand characteristics?

A

Cues that participants pick up from a study that allow them to generate guesses regarding the researchers hypotheses.

89
Q

What is informed consent?

A

Informing research participants of what is involved in a study before asking them to participate.

90
Q

What is psychology?

A

The word psychology comes from the Greek words psyche meaning “life” and logos meaning “explanation”

Psychology is a broad academic field that can be seen in many different areas of life. Psychologists examine both human and non-human animals.

91
Q

What are the five main challenges in psychology?

A
  1. Human behaviour is difficult to predict
  2. Psychological influences are rarely independent
  3. Individual differences among people
  4. People influence one another
  5. Behaviour is shaped by culture
92
Q

Emic vs etic

A

emic (from within the culture)
etic (from outside the culture)

93
Q

What is the bystander effect?

A

Research shows that the more people there are present at an emergency, the less likely that one of them will help.

94
Q

What is metaphysical claims?

A

Assertions about the world that are not testable.

PSYCH 102 (2 decks)

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