Chapter 1-2-1

Question 1

List the various types of microbes that can
colonize humans.

Answer 1

• AIDS
• Hepatitis C
• West Nile Virus
• Tuberculosis
• Helicobacter pylori
• bacteria
• viruses
• Coxsackie virus
• Borna agent

Question 2

Describe the role and impact of microbes
on the earth. (5)

Answer 2

• Microbes are what drive the structure and content of the soil, water, and atmosphere.
• Microbes produce CO2, NO, CH3 that insulate the earths atmosphere
• Microorganisms are the most abundant cellular organisms in the oceans.
• viruses are the most abundant inhabitants of the oceans.
• Bacteria and fungi live in close association with plants and assist them in obtaining nutrients and fighting disease.

Question 3

Explain the theory of evolution and why it
is called a theory.

Answer 3

The changes that occur in organisms as they adapt to their environment. It is called a theory b/c it is testable by science but cannot be proven.

Question 4

Explain the ways that humans manipulate
organisms for their own use.

Answer 4

Historical use of microbes by humans:
- Bread production
- Alcohol production
- Cheese production
- Treatment of wounds and lesions
- Mining precious metals
- Cleaning up human-created contamination
- genetic engineering
- Recombinant DNA technology
- Bioremediation ( clean up toxic pollutants)

Question 5

Summarize the relative burden of human
disease caused by microbes.

Answer 5

• Increasing number of patients with weakened defenses
• Increase in microbes that are resistant to drugs

Question 6

Differentiate among bacteria, archaea, and
eukaryotic microorganisms.

Answer 6

-Bacteria and archaea are predominantly single-celled. No true nucleus
- Eukaryotes can develop into highly complex multicellular organisms, large in size, small minority compared to bacteria and archaea. Have a true nucleus.

Question 7

Identify a fourth type of microorganism.

Answer 7

• viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and protists.

Question 8

Compare and contrast the relative sizes of
different microbes.

Answer 8

Largest to smallest:
1. Helminth
2. Protozoan
3. Bacterium
4. Virus

Question 9

Microbes: Microorganisms (7)

Answer 9

-Bacteria
-Archaea
-Protozoa
- Fungi
- Helminths
- Viruses
- Algae

Question 10

What are the three different types of photosynthesis?

Answer 10

Photosynthesis:
- Light-fueled conversion of carbon dioxide to organic material
- Accompanied by the formation of oxygen

Anoxygenic photosynthesis:
- Occurred in bacteria before plants evolved
- did not produce oxygen
- More efficient in extracting energy from sunlight

Oxygenic photosynthesis:
- Evolved from anoxygenic photosynthesis
- photosynthetic microorganisms are responsible for 70% of the earths photosynthesis.

Question 11

Louis Pasteur

Answer 11

• Studied the roles of microorganisms in the fermentation of beer and wine.
• Swan-necked flask experiments used to disprove abiogenesis.

Question 12

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek

Answer 12

• Manufactured simple microscopes to study fabrics.

Question 13

Ferdinand Cohn

Answer 13

Discovered and described heat resistant endospores.

Question 14

Oliver Wendell Holmes and Ignaz Semmelweis

Answer 14

Describes the importance of hand washing in preventing disease in the hospital setting

Question 15

Joseph Lister

Answer 15

used aseptic techniques in surgery

Question 16

2 Men in Germ Theory of Disease

Answer 16

Louis Pasteur
- Invented pasteurization
- Conducted the first studies linking human disease to infection

Robert Koch
- Koch’s postulates are a series of logical steps that establish whether or not an organism is pathogenic and which disease it caused.
- Showed that anthrax was caused by Bacillus anthracis in 18 75

Question 17

Name the four main families of
biochemicals.

Answer 17

• Carbohydrates
• lipids
• Proteins
• Proteins
• Nucleic acids

Question 18

Provide examples of cell components
made from each of the families of
biochemicals.

Question 19

Differentiate among primary, secondary,
tertiary, and quaternary levels of protein
structure.

Question 20

List the three components of a nucleotide.

Question 21

Name the nitrogen bases of DNA and
RNA.

Question 22

List the three components of ATP.

Question 23

Recall three characteristics common to all
cells.