chapter 1 Flashcards
What factors must be considered when choosing a case:
■ Size of the motherboard ■ Number of external or internal drive locations, called bays ■ Available space
What must a power supply do
must provide enough power for the components that are currently installed and allow for other components that may be added at a later time.
What is Direct Current (DC) power and what is it required for
it is lower voltage. DC power is required for all components inside the computer.
What are the 3 main form factors
Advanced Technology (AT), AT Extended (ATX), and ATX12V
What is the most common form factor in computers today
The ATXl2V is
What is uninterruptible power supply (UPS)
can protect a computer from problems caused by changes in power.
what does a UPS use
A UPS uses a power inverter.
What does a power inverter do
A power inverter provides AC power to the computer from a built-in battery by converting the DC current of the UPS battery into AC power.
What do most Connectors have
Most connectors today are keyed.
what does it mean to be keyed
keyed connector is designed to be inserted in only one direction.
What does a Molex keyed connector connect to
A Molex keyed connector connects to optical drives, hard drives, or other devices that use older technology.
A Berg keyed connector connects to what
A Berg keyed connector connects to a floppy drive.
What does a SATA keyed connector connect to
A SATA keyed connector connects to an optical drive or a hard drive.
A 20-pin or 24-pin slotted connector connects to what
A 20-pin or 24-pin slotted connector connects to the motherboard.
What does a 4-pin to 8-pin auxiliary power supply power to
A 4pin to 8 pin auxiliary power connector supplies power to all areas of the motherboard.
what shape is the auxiliary power connector
The auxiliary power connector is the same shape as the main power connector but smaller.
Describe a 6/8-pin PCIe power connector
A 6/8-pin PCle power connector has two rows of three to four pins
What are P8 and P9 connectors used for and what kind of computers
Older standard power supplies used two connectors called P8 and P9 to connect to the motherboard.
what did the installation of P8 & P9 connector required
The installation required that the connectors be lined up with the black wires together in the middle.
What is Voltage (V)
Voltage is a measure of the force required to push electrons through a circuit.
How is voltage measured
Voltage is measured in volts (V).
Does a computer power supply usually produce several different voltages
yes
Current (I)
Current is a measure of the amount of electrons going through a circuit.
How is current measured
Current is measured in amperes, or amps (A). computer power supplies deliver different amperages for each output voltage.
Power (P)
Power is a measure of the pressure required to push electrons through a circuit (voltage), multiplied by the number of electrons going through that circuit (current). The measurement is called watts (W).
Resistance (R)
Resistance is the opposition to the flow of current in a circuit, measured in ohmns.
What does lower resistance allow
Lower resistance allows more current, and therefore more power, to flow through a circuit. A
what is Ohm’s Law
A. basic equation, expresses how three of the terms relate to each other. It states that voltage is equal to the current multiplied by the resistance: V = IR.
In an electrical system, what is power is equal to
Power is equal to the voltage multiplied by the current: P = VI.
In an electrical circuit, what does increasing the current or the voltage result in
increasing the current or the voltage results in higher power.
What is the normal power supply range
Computers normally use power supplies ranging from 250W to 800W output capacity. However, some computers need 1200W and higher capacity power supplies.
where do you obtain the computer’s wattage information
Obtain the wattage information from the manufacturer’s documentation.
What does a power supply with a higher wattage rating do
power supply with a higher wattage rating has more capacity, therefore, it can handle more devices..
What is on the back of most power supplies
On the back of most power supplies is a small switch called the voltage selector switch.
What does the voltage selector do
This switch sets the input voltage to the he power supply to either 110V / 115V or 220V / 230V. A power supply with this switch is called a dual voltage power supply.
If a power supply does not have this switch, what happens
a power supply does not have this switch, it automatically detects and sets the correct voltage.
true or false
electronic capacitors located inside of a power supply can hold a charge for extended periods of time.
what is the motherboard
The motherboard is the main printed circuit board and contains the buses, or electrical pathways, found in a computer.
what do the buses do
buses allow data to travel between the various components that comprise a computer.
what else is a motherboard known as
A motherboard is also known as the system board or the main board.
what does the motherboard accommodate
The motherboard accommodates the central processing unit (CPU), random access memory, expansion slots, heat sink and fan assembly. basic input/output system (BIOS) chip, chip set, and the circuitry that interconnects the motherboard components.
what else is placed on the motherboard
Sockets, internal and external connectors, and various ports are also placed on the motherboard.
what does the form factor of motherboards pertains to
The form factor of motherboards pertains to the size and shape of the board. It also board.
what does the form factor of motherboards determine
The form factor determines how individual components attach to the motherboard board and the shape of the computer case
what was the most common form factor in desktop computers,
The most common form factor in desktop computers was the AT, based on the IBM AT motherboard.
What did the size of the AT form factor lead to
This cumbersome size led to the development of smaller form factors,
In smaller form factors what interfere with the use of expansion slots
The placement of heat sink and fans often interferes with the use of expansion slots in smaller form factors.
What type of form factor improved the AT
ATX, improved on the AT design. The ATX case accommodates the integrated I/O ports on the ATX motherboard.
How does the ATX power supply connects to the motherboard
ATX power supply connects to the motherboard via a single 20-pin connector, instead of the confusing P8 and P9 connectors used with some earlier form factors.
How does the ATX turn on
instead of using a physical toggle switch, the ATX power supply can be powered on and off with signaling from the motherboard.
What is the Micro-ATX
It is A smaller form factor designed to be backward-compatible with ATX is the Micro-ATX. Because the mounting points of a Micro-ATX motherboard are a subset of those used on an ATX board, and the I/O panel is identical, you can use the Micro-ATX motherboard in full-size ATX case.
what does it mean if a manufacturer has a proprietary form factor on the ATX design
This causes some motherboards, power supplies, and other components to be incompatible with standard ATX cases.
Why has the IT form factor gained popularity
The ITX form factor has gained in popularity because of its very small size.
what are the different types of ITX motherboards
Mini-ITX is one of the most popular. The Mini-ITX form factor uses very little power, so fans are not needed to keep it cool. A Mini-ITX motherboard has only one PCI slot for expansion cards. A computer based on a Mini-ITX form factor can be used in places where it is inconvenient to have a large or noisy computer
What is An important set of components on the motherboard
An important set of components on the motherboard is the chipset.
What are the chipset composed of
The chipset is composed of various integrated circuits attached to the motherboard.
What does a chipset control
They control how system hardware interacts with the CPU and motherboard.
Where is a CPU installed
A CPU is installed into a slot or socket on the motherboard.
What does a socket on the motherboard do
the socket on the motherboard determines the type of CPU that can be installed.
What does a chipset to
The chipset allows the CPU to communicate and interact with the other components of the computer and to exchange data with system memory, or RAM, hard disk drives, video cards, and other output devices.
What does a chipset establish
The chipset establishes how much memory can be added to a motherboard.
What does a chipset determine
the chipset also determines the type of connectors on the motherboard
What components are the chipset divided into
Most chipsets are divided into two distinct components, Northbridge and Southbridge.
What does Northbridge do
Northbridge controls access to the RAM, video card, and the speeds at which the CPU can communicate with them. The video card is sometimes integrated into the Northbridge.
What does Southbridge do
The Southbridge, in most cases, allows the CPU to communicate with the hard drive, sound card, USB ports, and other I/O ports.
What is CPU
The central processing unit (CPU) is considered the brain of the computer.
what is a cpu referred to
It is sometimes referred to as the processor
What take places in the CPU
Most calculations take place in the CPU.
What do the CPU require
CPU’s come in different form factors, each style requiring a particular slot or socket on the motherboard.
Who are the common manufacturers of CPU
Common CPU manufacturers include In Intel and AMD.
What are CPU sockets and processors built around
Most CPU sockets and processors in use today are built around the architectures of the pin grid array (PGA) and land grid array (LGA)
What does the CPU socket or slot to
The CPU socket or slot is the connection between the motherboard and the processor.
What is the most important element of a computer system
In terms of computing power, the CPU is the most important element of a computer system.
What is a PGA architecture
a PGA architecture, pins on the underside of the processor are inserted into the socket, usually with zero insertion force (ZIF).
What is ZIF
ZIF (zero insertion force) refers to the amount of force needed to install a CPU into the motherboard socket or slot.
What is LGA architecture
an LGA architecture, the pins are in the socket instead of on the processor.
What is Slot based processors
Slot-based processors, are cartridge- shaped and fit into a slot that looks similar to an expansion slot,
What does each slot based processor have on it
each model of processor has an instruction set, which it executes.
How does a CPU executes
CPU executes the program by processing each piece of data as directed by the program and the instruction set.
Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC)
■ Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) - Architectures use a relatively small set of instructions. RISC chips are designed to execute these instructions very rapidly.
Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC)
I Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) - Architectures use a broad set of instructions, resulting in fewer steps per operation.
How does Intel enhance the CPU performance
Some Intel CPUs incorporate hyperthreading to enhance the performance of the CPU.
what is hyper - threading
With hyperthreading, multiple pieces of code (threads) are executed simultaneously in the CPU.
What does AMD processors use to enhance CPU perfromance
Some AMD processors use hypertransport to enhance CPU performance.
what is hypertransport
hypertransport is a high-speed, low-latency connection between the CPU and the Northbridge chip.
How to use measure the power of a CPU
The power of a CPU is measured by the speed and the amount of data that it can process.
How is the speed of a CPU rated
The speed of a CPU is rated in cycles per second, such as millions of cycles per second, called megahertz (MHz), or billions of cycles per second, called gigahertz (GHz).
What determines the amount of a data that a CPU can process at one time
The amount of data that a CPU can process at one time depends on the size of the front side bus (FSB).
How to you achieve higher performance
Higher performance can be achieved when the width of the FSB increases.
What is the width of the FSB measured in
the width of the FSB is measured in bits.
what is a bit
bit is the smallest unit of data in a computer and is the binary format in which data is processed.
What does current processors use
Current processors use a 32-bit or 64-bit FSB.
What is overclocking
Overclocking is a technique used to make a processor work at a faster speed than its original specification.
Why is overclocking not recommended
Overclocking is not a recommended way to improve computer performance and can result in damage to the CPU
What is the opposite of overclocking
The opposite of overclocking is CPU throttling.
What is throttling
Throttling is commonly used on laptops and other mobile devices. CPU throttling is a technique used when the processor runs at less than the rated speed to conserve power or produce less heat.
Single Core CPU -
■ Single Core CPU - One core inside a single CPU that handles all the processing. A motherboard manufacturer might provide sockets for more than one single processor, providing the ability to build a powerful, multiprocessor computer.
Dual Core CPU
■ Dual Core CPU - Two cores inside a single CPU in which both cores can process information at the same time.
Triple Core CPU
Triple Core -Three cores inside a single CPU that is actually a quad-core processor with one of the cores disabled.
Quad Core CPU
■ Quad Core CPU - Four cores inside a single CPU
Hexa-Core CPU
■ Hexa-Core CPU - Six cores inside a single CPU
Octa-Core CPU
Octa-Core CPU - Eight cores inside a single CPU
What makes computer components perform better
Computer components perform better when kept cool.
If the heat is not removed
thee computer may run slower
if too much heat builds
computer components can be damaged.
What does increasing the air flow in a computer do
Increasing the air flow in the computer case allows more heat to be removed.
What does a case fan do
A case fan installed in the computer case, makes the cooling process more efficient.
What else can you use besides a case fan
In addition to a case fan, a heat sink draws heat away from the CPU core. A fan on top of the heat sink moves the heat away from the CPU
Can other components be effected by heat
Other components are also susceptible to heat damage and are sometimes equipped with fans
What about video adapter cards
Video adapter cards also produce a lot of heat. Fans are dedicated to cool the graphics processing unit (GPU),
extremely fast CPU and GPU might use
Computers with extremely fast CPUs and GPUs might use a water-cooling system.
How does a water cooling system work
A metal plate is placed over the processor, and water is pumped over the top to collect the heat that the processor generates. The water is pumped to a radiator to release the heat into the air and is then recirculated.
memory chips store data in what
Memory chips store data in the form of bytes.
what does a byte represent
Bytes represent information such as letters, numbers, and symbols.
what is a byte
byte is a grouping of 8 bits.
what does each bit store
each bit is stored as either 0 or 1 in the memory chip.
ROM are located where
Read-only memory (ROM) chips are located on the motherboard and other circuit boards.
What does a ROM chip have
ROM chips contain instructions that can be directly accessed by a CPU.
What are stored in ROM
Basic instructions for operations, booting the computer and loading the operating system, are store in ROM.
What happens to ROM when the computer is powered off
ROM chips retain their contents even when the computer is powered down. The contents cannot erased or changed by normal means.
another name for ROM is
ROM is sometimes called firmware. This is misleading, because firmware is actually the software that is stored in a ROM chip.
ram
the temporary storage for data and programs that are being accessed by the CPU.
What type of memory does RAM have
RAM is volatile memory, which means that the contents are erased when the computer is powered off.
More RAM in a computer allows a computer to do what
The more RAM in a computer, the more capacity the computer has to hold and process large programs and files. More RAM also enhances system performance.
What is FSB
Front Side Bus
Maximum amount of Ram
The maximum amount of RAM that can be installed is limited by the motherboard and the operating system.
Where was RAM installed on earlier computers
Early computers had RAM installed on the motherboard as individual chips.
what is DIP
The individual memory chips, called dual inline package (DIP) chips, were difficult to install and often became loose.
How did designers solve the problem of DIP
To solve this problem, designers soldered the memory chips on a special circuit board to create a memory module.
what can memory modules be
Memory modules can be single-sided or double-sided.
Single-sided memory modules
Single-sided memory modules contain RAM only on one side of the module.
Double-sided memory modules
Double-sided memory modules contain RAM on both sides.
What does the speed of memory have a direct impact
The speed of memory has a direct impact on how much data a processor can process, because faster memory improves the performance of the processor.
What happens when a processor speed increases
As processor speed increases, memory speed must also increase.
What does single channel memory do
Single-channel memory is capable of transferring data at 64 bits per clock cycle.
What does Dual-channel memory do
Dual-channel memory increases the speed by using a second channel of memory, creating a data transfer rate of 128 bits.
DDR
Double Data Rate (DDR) technology doubles the maximum bandwidth of Synchronous Dynamic RAM (SDRAM).
DDR2
DDR2 offers faster performance and uses less energy.
DDR3
DDR3 operates at even higher speeds than DDR2.
What
none of these DDR technologies are backward- or forward-compatible.
Cache
Static RAM (SRAM) is used as cache memory to store the most recently used data and instructions.
SRAM
SRAM provides the processor with faster access to the data than retrieving it from the slower dynamic RAM (DRAM), or main memory.
Error Checking
Memory errors occur when the data is not stored correctly in the RAM chip. The computer uses different methods to detect and correct data errors in memory.
What do adapter cards do
Adapter cards increase the functionality of a computer by adding controllers for specific devices or by replacing malfunctioning ports.
Network Interface Card (NIC)
Network Interface Card (NIC) - Connects a computer to a network using a network cable.
Wireless NIC
Wireless NIC - Connects a computer to a network using radio frequencies.
Sound adapter
Sound adapter - Provides audio capability.
Video adapter
Video adapter - Provides graphic capability.
Capture card
Capture card - Sends a video signal to a computer so that the signal can be recorded to the computer hard drive with Video Capture software.
TV tuner card
TV tuner card - Provides the ability to watch and record television signals on a PC by connecting a cable television, satellite, or antenna to the installed tuner card
Modem adapter
Modem adapter - Connects a computer to the Internet using a phone line.
Small Computer System Interface (SCSI)
Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) adapter - Connects SCSI devices, such as hard drives or tape drives, to a computer.
Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID
Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID) adapter - Connects multiple hard drives to a computer to provide redundancy and to improve performance.
Universal Serial Bus (USB)
Universal Serial Bus (USB) port - Connects a Computer to peripheral devices.
Parallel port
Parallel port - Connects a computer to peripheral devices.
Serial port
Serial port - Connects a computer to peripheral devices.
Why do computers have expansion slots
Computers have expansion slots on the motherboard to install adapter cards.
What does the adapter card connecter match
The type of adapter card connector must match the expansion slot.
what does storage drives to
Storage drives write information to magnetic, optical, semiconductor storage media.
What does the storage drive store
The drive can be used to store data permanently or to retrieve information from a media disk.
Where can storage drives be installed
storage drives can be installed inside the computer case, such as a hard drive.
How can storage drives connect to a computer
Some storage drives can connect to the computer using a USB port, a FireWire port, eSATA, or a SCSI port.
What are portable storage drives referred to
portable storage drives are sometimes referred to as removable drives and can be used on multiple computers.
some common types of storage drives
Floppy drive, Hard drive, Optical drive, Flash drive
FL0PPy Drive
A floppy drive, or floppy disk drive, is a storage device that uses removable 3.5-inch floppy disks.
How much data can a 3.5 floppy disk store
These magnetic floppy disks can store 720 KB or 1.44 MB of data.
What is the floppy drive usually configured to
In a computer, the floppy drive is usually configured as the A: drive.
What can a floppy drive be used for
The floppy drive can be used to boot the computer if it contains a bootable floppy disk
what type of floppy drive is seldom used
A 5.25-inch floppy drive is older technology and is seldom used.
What does the built in battery do
This built-in battery is continually charged via DC current that is converted from the AC supply.
What is the size of a Berg connector
A Berg connector is smaller than a Molex
What is the size of a SATA connector
The SATA connector is wider and thinner than a Molex connector.
Computer case and outside of monitor
Mild cleaning solution and lint-free cloth
LCD screen
LCD cleaning solution or distilled water and lint-free cloth
CRT Screen
Distilled water and lint-free cloth
Heat Sink
Compressed air
RAM
Isopropyl alcohol and lint-free swab
Keyboard
Hand-held vacuum cleaner with a brush attachment
Mouse
Mild cleaning solution and lint-free cloth
CASE
There are two main case models. One type is for desktop PCs, and the other type is for tower computers. The type of motherboard you choose determines the type of case that can be used. The size and shape must match exactly.
SIZE
If a computer has many components, it will need more room for airflow to keep the system cool.
AVAILABLE SPACE
Desktop cases allow space conservation in tight areas because the monitor can be placed on top of the unit. The design of the desktop case may limit the number and size of the components that can be added.
POWER SUPPLY
You must match the power rating and connection type of the power supply to the type of motherboard “ you have chosen.
appearance
For some people, how the case looks doesn’t matter at all. For others, it is critical. There are many case designs to choose from if it is necessary to have a case that is attractive.
STATUS DISPLAY
What is going on inside the case can be very important. LED indicators that are mounted on the outside of the case can tell you if the system is receiving power, when the hard drive is being used, and when computer is in sleep or hibernate mode.
VENTS
All cases have a vent on the power supply, and some have another vent on the back to help draw air into or out of the system. Some cases are designed with more vents in the event that the system needs a way to dissipate an unusual amount of heat. This situation may occur when many devices are installed close together in the case.
ROM
Read-only memory chips, information is written to a ROM chip when it is manufactured. A ROM chip cannot be erased or re-written and is obsolete.
PROM
Programmable read-only memory. Information is written to a PROM chip after it is manufactured. A PROM chip cannot be erased or re-written.
EPROM
Erasable programmable read-only memory. Information is written to an EPROM chip after it is manufactured. An EPROM chip can be erased with exposure to UV light. Special equipment is required.
eeprom
Electrically erasable programmable read-only nru memory. Information is written to an EEPROM chip after it is manufactured. EEPROM chips are also called Flash ROMs. An EEPROM chip can be erased and re- written without having to remove the chip from the computer.
\ user playing a game on a gaming PC with a standard EIDE 5400 RPM hard drive finds the performance unsatisfactory. Which hard drive upgrade would improve performance while providing more reliability and using less power?
an SSD
A technician looks at a motherboard and sees a 24-pin connector. What component would connect to the motherboard through the use of this 24-pin connector?
power supply
dram
Dynamic RAM is a memory chip that is used as main memory. DRAM must be constantly refreshed with pulses of electricity in order to maintain the data stored within the chip.
SRAM
Static RAM is a memory chip that is used as cache memory. SRAM is much faster than DRAM and does not have to be refreshed as often. SRAM is much more expensive than DRAM.
FPM Memory
Fast Page Mode DRAM is memory that supports paging. Paging enables faster access to the data than regular DRAM. FPM memory was used in Intel: 486 and Pentium systems.
EDO Memory
Extended Data Out RAM is memory that overlaps consecutive data accesses. This speeds up the access time to retrieve data from memory, because the CPU does not have to wait for one data access cycle to end before another data access cycle begins.
SDRAM
Synchronous DRAM is DRAM that operates in synchronization with the memory bus. The memory bus is the data path between the CPU and the main memory. Control signals are used to coordinate the exchange of data between SDRAM and the CPU.
DDR SDRAM
Double Data Rate SDRAM is memory that transfers data twice as fast as SDRAM. DDR S[SDRAM increases performance by transferring data twice per clock cycle.
DDR2 SDRAM
Double Data Rate 2 SDRAM is a faster than DDR- SDRAM memory. DDR2 SDRAM improves performance over DDR SDRAM by decreasing noise and crosstalk between the signal wires.
DDR3 SDRAM
Double Data Rate 3 SDRAM expands memory bandwidth by doubling the clock rate of DDR2 SDRAM. DDR3 SDRAM consumes less power and generates less heat than DDDR2 SDRAM.
RDRAM
RAMBus DRAM is a memory chip that was developed to communicate at very high rates of speed. RDRAM chips are not commonly used.
DIP
Dual Inline Package is an individual memory chip. A DIP has dual rows of pins used to attach it to the motherboard.
SIMM
Single Inline Memory Module is a small circuit board that holds several memory chips. SIMMs have 30-pin or 72-pin configurations.
Memory Modules
DIP, SIMM, DIMM Memory, Rimm, SODIMM
DIMM Memory
Dual Inline Memory Module is a circuit board that holds SDRAM, DDR SDRAM, DDR2 SDRAM, 1, and DDR3 SDRAM chips. There are 168-pin SDRAM DiMMs, 184-pin DDR DIMMs, and 240-pin DDR2 and DDR3 DIMMs.
rimm
RAMBus inline Memory Module is a circuit board that holds RDRAM chips. A typical RIMM has a 184-pin configuration.
SO DIMM
Small Outline DIMM has a 72-pin and 100- pin configurations tor support of 32-bit transfers or a 144-pin, 200-pin, and 204-pin configurations for support of 64-bit transfers. This smaller, more condensed version of DIMM provides random access data storage hat is ideal for use in laptops, printers, and ; other devices where conserving space is desirable
CGA DISPLAY RESOLUTION
320X200
CGA ASPECT RESOLUTION
16:10
EGA Display Resolutions
640x350
EGA ASPECT RESOLOUTION
11:6
VGA
640X480
VGA
4:3
WVGA
854X480
WVGA
16:9
SVGA
800X600
SVGA
4:3
XGA
1024X768
XGA
4:3
WXGA
1280X800
WXGA
16:10
SXGA
1280X1024
SXGA
5:4
SXGA+
1400x1050
SXGA+
1400X1050
WSXGA
1600X1024
WSXGA
25:16
UXGA
1600x1200
UXGA
4;3
HDTV
1920x1080
HDTV
16:9
WUXga
1920x1200
WUXGA
16:10
QXGa
2048x1536
qxga
4:3
QSXGA
2560x2048
QSXGA
5:4
WQUXGA
3840x2400
WQUXGA
16:10
hxga
4096x3072
hxga
4:3
whxga
5120x3200
whxga
8:5
hsxga
5120x4096
hsxga
5:4
WHSXGA
6400x4096
WHSXGA
25:16
HUXGA
6400x4800
huxga
4:3
WHUXGA
7680X4800
.WHUXGA
8:5
How are set up for a 20 pin connector and a 24 pin connector
The 24-pin connector has two rows of 12 pins each, and the 20-pin connector has two rows of 10 pins each.
How many pins are in each row of a 4 and 8 pin auxiliary power connector
A 4pin to 8 pin auxiliary power connector has two rows of two to four pins
What does an operating system with a single CPU perform as when using hyper-threading
To an operating system, a single CPU with hyperthreading performs as though there are two CPUs when multiple threads are being processed.
What determines the correct voltage
The correct voltage setting is determined by the country where the power supply is used.
What happens if a p8 or p9 are installed backwards what could happen
They could be installed backwards, potentially damaging the motherboard or power supply,
Were P8 & P9 connectors keyed
P8 and P9 were unkeyed connectors.
What is the power supply rated in
Computer power supplies are rated in watts.
How much resistance does a good fuse have
A good fuse has low resistance or almost 0 ohms.
How big can an AT motherboard be up to
The AT motherboard can be up to approximately 1 foot wide.
What happens when the CPU is executing one step of the program
While the CPU is executing one step of the program, the remaining instructions and the data are stored nearby in a special memory called cache.
What does a 6/8 pin connector do
A 6/8-pin PCle power connector supplies power to other internal components.
