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SCMT 489 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How did 9/11 effect Supply chain security?

A

Increased the concern over unmonitored container movements as potential implements of terrorism

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2
Q

What are the three phases of supply chain security development?

A
  1. (pre 9/11) Harmonizing divergent customs practices
  2. (2001-2004) 9/11 and port security
  3. (2004-current) origin to designation and a chain of custody
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3
Q

Who led the development in supply chain security?

A
  • world wide organizations
  • U.S. legislation
  • European initiatives
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4
Q

Revised Kyoto Convention of 1999

A

-recognition of need for cooperation and modernization among customs authorities

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5
Q

What were the goals of the RKC?

A
  • simplifying customs procedures with an emphasis on IT and risk management involving automated systems
  • target high risk shipments based on pre-arrival info
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6
Q

World Customs Organization (WCO)

A
  • leader of phase 3
  • developed standards for automation of cargo movement
  • adopted the RKC 1999 as the baseline for SAFE framework
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7
Q

SAFE Framework

A
  • adopted in 2005
  • pushed security back to the stuffing/loading point
  • involved private sector
  • required increased security at point of origin and as container is moved point to point
  • advance electronic info on cargo and container shipments in time for adequate risk assessment
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8
Q

What are the four core elements of the SAFE Framework?

A
  1. Advance electronic manifest info requirements
  2. consistent risk management approach
  3. nonintrusive inspection of certain containers
  4. benefits to business for cooperation
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9
Q

What are some benefits to businesses for cooperation?

A
  • better tracking for their products
  • get through security faster
  • will keep good publicity
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10
Q

What are some contributions made by the ICT Guidelines (Kyoto Convention)?

A
  • guidelines on the electronic exchange of info at export and import
  • creating a chain of electronic data and a single global schema linked electronically

-proposed advance electronic transmission of info to customs services’ computerized systems

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11
Q

UN’s Single Window policy

A

-approved in 2004; Europe’s Recommendation 33

  • trade related info and/or documents need only be submitted once at a single entry point
  • info goes ahead of the cargo through customs
  • more efficient/accurate due to less paper work
  • gives advanced notice of goods coming in
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12
Q

Trade Act of 2002

A

requires Customs and Border Protection promulgate regulations to being collecting all manifests electronically

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13
Q

What issues did the Trade Act of 2002 address?

A
  • vessel ID systems
  • Port security assessments (many ports around the US were not that secure)
  • operational and efficiency matters (electronic transfer of data)
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14
Q

Safe Port Act of 2006

A

-codified US programs, the Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism (C-TPAT) and Container Security Initiative (CSI)

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15
Q

What was the Safe Port Act designed for?

A

-to quickly obtain information

  • scanning for radiation
  • automated targeting
  • container security standards
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16
Q

What did the Safe Port Act establish?

A

“Green Lanes” in the form of Tiers 1,2, and 3

  • provide incentives for companies to cooperate
  • their products will move faster through the supply chain
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17
Q

What was the main goal of the Implementing the 9/11 Commission Recommendations Act of 2007?

A

-to solely address security of containers

18
Q

Details of the Implementing the 9/11 Commission Recommendations Act of 2007.

A
  • breach protection and access prior to entering economic zone of US and electronic notification if so
  • origin to destination for all truck, rail and vessel transit (international)
  • Sec of DHS has to identify the place of breach, be notified before containers enter US, track time and location of container through transit
  • requires 100% scanning of inbound containers, although rest of trading world does not accept
19
Q

Core elements of the Container Security Initiative (CSI)

A
  • identify high risk containers
  • use technology to prescreen high-risk containers
  • use smart containers or tamper-evident containers
20
Q

What are some ways to identify a “high-risk” container?

A
  • where its origin is
  • where all it has been
  • what is in it
  • track record of distribution company
  • company that is shipping product (if newer company, might need to take extra precautions since don’t know much about them)
21
Q

What are the 5 U.S. Programs/Processes?

A
  1. Customs-Trade Partnership Agains Terrorism (C-TPAT)
  2. Container Security Initiative (CSI)
  3. Automated Commercial Environment (ACE)
  4. E-Manifest
  5. Secure Freight Initiative (SFI)
22
Q

C-TPAT

A

Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism

  • voluntary program between industry and CBP
  • members meet minimum security standards
  • requires security starting at the origin all the way through to the destination
  • rails singled out to have tracking info
  • must use e-manifest
23
Q

CSI

A

Container Security Initiative

  • addresses potential for terrorist use of a maritime container to deliver WMD
  • proposes a security regimen to ensure all containers that pose potential threat are identified at foreign ports
  • reciprocating program where foreign officials can come to our ports
  • 24 hour manifest rule
24
Q

Core elements of the CSI

A
  • identify high-risk containers (automated)
  • use technology to pre-screen high-risk containers
  • use smart containers or tamper evident containers (use nonintrusive scanning)
25
Q

How many ports worldwide does the CSI operate in?

A

58

26
Q

What percentage of maritime cargo goes through a CSI port?

A

about 80%, good start but needs to be more like 100% to really be secure

27
Q

Automated Commercial Environment (ACE)

A

creates a trade portal to connect CBP, trade community, and govts

28
Q

What actions doe the ACE take?

A
  • monitor daily operations
  • identify compliance issues through 125 reports
  • electronically update all data
29
Q

E-Manifest

A
  • the key electronic format for the ACE system
  • applicable to all vessel carriers entering and exiting US
  • applicable to cross-border movements into Canada and Mexico currently
30
Q

Secure Freight Initiative (SFI)

A

joint effort by DHS and Dept of Energy

31
Q

What two things was the SFI designed to do?

A
  • scan containers for nuclear and radiological materials overseas
  • better assess risk of inbound containers
32
Q

International Trade Data System (ITDS)

A
  • required by SAFE Port Act

- to be used by the ACE system

33
Q

Nonintrusive Inspection (NII) Program

A
  • mobile gamma ray imaging technology
  • deployed at seaports and land ports of entry
  • detects hidden contrabands such as narcotics, weapons, currency, etc.
  • scans vehicles up to 125 feet in length in one pass
  • can be mounted on a truch chassis
34
Q

Container Security Device (CSD)

A
  • geofencing and reporting path diversions (taken on or off the ship, if it was diverted)
  • remote locking and unlocking
  • radiation detection
  • temperature detection (shows if there was a breach)
  • light detection
  • infrared detection
  • drugs/chemicals detection
  • humans
35
Q

What was a change made to Federal rules of Civil Procedure?

A

electronically stored information (ESI) is a class of evidence and equal to paper or any other physical evidence

  • email, voicemail, IM, texts, spreadsheets
  • US supreme court now allows ESI
36
Q

Rule 16

A

allows pretrial meetings to discuss discovery

37
Q

Rule 26

A

clarifies needs to disclose info about ESI holders and its desc before a discovery request

38
Q

Rule 33

A

makes it clear that ESI includes business records

39
Q

Rule 34

A

defines computer-based and other digitally stored data as ESI

40
Q

Rule 37

A

addresses the destruction of ESI and when it can and can’t (have to store data for a certain amount of time and can only destroy when told)

41
Q

Rule 45

A

recognized ESI as distinct category of discoverable info, allowing it to be subpoenaed in the same way as paper documents

42
Q

What are the two goals of the US National Strategy on Supply chain security?

A

goal 1: promote the efficient and secure movement of goods

  • enhancing integrity of goods
  • understand threats early

goal 2: foster a resilient supply chain

  • verify accuracy of cargo
  • limit access to cargo and ports

SCMT 489 (5 decks)

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