Chapter 1

Question 1

the science that deals with the
collection, organization, presentation, analysis, and interpretation
of data in order be able to draw judgments or conclusions that
help in the decision-making process.

Answer 1

Statistics

Question 2

the two main divisions of Statistics.

Answer 2

descriptive and inferential statistics

Question 3

it
deals with the procedures that organize, summarize and describe
quantitative data. It seeks merely to describe data.

Answer 3

descriptive stats

Question 4

it deals with making a judgment or a conclusion about a
population based on the findings from a sample that is taken from
the population.

Answer 4

inferential stats

Question 5

refers to the totality of objects,
persons, places, things used in a particular study. All members
of a particular group of objects (items) or people (individual),
etc. which are subjects or respondents of a study.

Answer 5

population or universe

Question 6

is any subset of population or few members of a
population.

Answer 6

sample

Question 7

are facts, figures and information
collected on some characteristics of a
population or sample. These can be classified
as qualitative or quantitative.

Answer 7

data

Question 8

are
data which are not organized
in any specific way. They are
simply the collection of data as
they are gathered.

Answer 8

Ungrouped (or raw) data

Question 9

are raw data
organized into groups or
categories with corresponding
frequencies. Organized in this
manner, the data is referred to
as frequency distribution.

Answer 9

Grouped Data

Question 10

is the descriptive measure of a characteristic of a
population

Answer 10

parameter

Question 11

is a measure of a characteristic of sample

Answer 11

Statistic

Question 12

is a characteristic or property of a population or sample
which is common to all members of the group.

Answer 12

Constant

Question 13

is a measure or characteristic or property of a population or
sample that may have a number of different values.

Answer 13

variable

Question 14

It differentiates a
particular member from the rest of the group. It is the characteristic or
property that is measured, controlled, or manipulated in research.
They differ in many respects, most notably in the role they are given
in the research and in the type of measures that can be applied to
them.

Answer 14

variable

Question 15

3. Methods of Obtaining Data
4. Methods of _______________
5. Planning and Conducting _______

3., Planning and Conducting ________

Answer 15

Data Collection
Surveys
Experiments

Question 16

_________________ is the first step in conducting statistical inquiry. It
simply refers to the data gathering, a systematic method of collecting
and measuring data from different sources of information in order to
provide answers to relevant questions.

Answer 16

Collection of the data

Question 17

The person who
conducts the
inquiry is an
_____________

The one who helps in
collecting information is
an ____________

Information is
collected from
a
___________.

Answer 17

investigator
enumerator
respondent

Question 18

Data collected in the
process of investigation
are known as _________________

Answer 18

primary
data

Question 19

is collected
by some other
organization for their
own use but the
investigator also gets it
for his use.

Answer 19

secondary data

Question 20

are those already
in existence for some
other purpose than
answering the question
in hand.”

Answer 20

Secondary
data

Question 21

In the field of engineering, the three basic methods of collecting data are through

Answer 21

retrospective study, observational study and through a designed
experiment.

Question 22

would use the
population or sample
of the historical data
which had been
archived over some
period of time.

Answer 22

retrospective
study

Question 23

, the
researcher only
observe the subject
and do not interfere
or try to influence the
outcome of the
study.

Answer 23

observational
study

Question 24

In
engineering, there are problem
areas with no scientific or
engineering theory that are
directly or completely applicable,
so experimentation and
observation of the resulting data
is the only way to solve them.

Answer 24

Experiment Design.

Question 25

is a method of asking respondents some well-constructed questions. It is an efficient way of collecting information and easy to administer wherein a wide variety of information can be collected

Answer 25

A survey

Question 26

The advantages of ____________ interviews include fewer misunderstood questions, fewer incomplete responses, higher response rates, and greater control over the environment in which the survey is administered; also, the researcher can collect additional information if any of the respondents’ answers need clarifying.

Answer 26

face-to-face

Question 27

The disadvantages of face-to-face interviews are that they can be ______ and ____________and may require a large staff of trained interviewers. In addition, the response can be biased by the appearance or attitude of the interviewer

Answer 27

expensive and time-consuming

Question 28

____________________ are less expensive than interviews. It can be administered in large numbers and does not require many interviewers and there is less pressure on respondents.

Answer 28

Self-administered survey

Question 29

However, in self-administered surveys, the respondents are more likely to ____________ participating mid-way through the survey and respondents cannot ask to clarify their answers.

Answer 29

stop

Question 30

is the process of selecting units (e.g., people, organizations) from a population of interest.

Answer 30

sampling

Question 31

must be a representative of the target population.

Answer 31

Sample

Question 32

is the entire group a researcher is interested in; the group about which the researcher wishes to draw conclusions.

Answer 32

target population

Question 33

every member of the population is given an equal chance to be selected as a part of the sample.

Answer 33

probability sampling

Question 34

different probability sampling

Answer 34

simple random sampling, stratified sampling and cluster sampling.

Question 35

also called judgment or subjective sampling. This method is convenient and economical but the inferences made based on the findings are not so reliable.

Answer 35

non-probability

Question 36

different non-probability sampling

Answer 36

convenience sampling, purposive sampling and quota sampling

Question 37

is the basic sampling technique where a group of subjects (a sample) is selected for study from a larger group (a population). Each individual is chosen entirely by chance and each member of the population has an equal chance of being included in the sample

Answer 37

Simple random sampling

Question 38

There may often be factors which divide up the population into sub-populations (groups / strata) and the measurement of interest may vary among the different subpopulations. This has to be accounted for when a sample from the population is selected in order to obtain a sample that is representative of the population. This is achieved by stratified sampling.

Answer 38

Stratified Sampling.

Question 39

is a sampling technique where the entire population is divided into groups, or clusters, and a random sample of these clusters are selected. All observations in the selected clusters are included in the sample.

Answer 39

Cluster sampling

Question 40

the researcher use a device in obtaining the information from the respondents which favors the researcher but can cause bias to the respondents

Answer 40

convenience sampling

Question 41

the selection of respondents is predetermined according to the characteristic of interest made by the researcher. Randomization is absent in this type of sampling.

Answer 41

purposive sampling,

Question 42

two types of quota samp;ing

Answer 42

proportional and non-proportional

Question 43

the major characteristics of the population by sampling a proportional amount of each is represented.

Answer 43

proportional quota sampling

Question 44

Non-proportional quota sampling is a bit less restrictive. In this method, a minimum number of sampled units in each category is specified and not concerned with having numbers that match the proportions in the population.

Answer 44

Non-proportional quota sampling

Question 45

is a series of tests conducted in a systematic manner to increase the understanding of an existing process or to explore a new product or process.

Answer 45

experiment

Question 46

is a tool to develop an experimentation strategy that maximizes learning using minimum resources.

Answer 46

Design of Experiments, or DOE, i

Question 47

It is a technique needed to identify the "vital few" factors in the most efficient manner and then directs the process to its best setting to meet the ever-increasing demand for improved quality and increased productivity.

Answer 47

DOE

Question 48

five stages of DOE

Answer 48

PLANNING SCREENING OPTIMIZATION ROBUSTNESS TESTING VERIFICATION

Question 49

At this stage, identification of the objectives of conducting the experiment or investigation, assessment of time and available resources to achieve the objectives.

Answer 49

Planning

Question 50

_______experiments are used to identify the important factors that affect the process under investigation out of the large pool of potential factors.

Answer 50

Screening

Question 52

After narrowing down the important factors affecting the process, then determine the best setting of these factors to achieve the objectives of the investigation. The objectives may be to either increase yield or decrease variability or to find settings that achieve both at the same time depending on the product or process under investigation.

Answer 52

optimization

Question 53

Once the optimal settings of the factors have been determined, it is important to make the product or process insensitive to variations resulting from changes in factors that affect the process but are beyond the control of the analyst. Such factors are referred to as noise or uncontrollable factors that are likely to be experienced in the application environment. It is important to identify such sources of variation and take measures to ensure that the product or process is made robust or insensitive to these factors.

Answer 53

Robustness Testing