Chapter 1 Flashcards by Ayo Rosario Balajeboco

What are the fundamental principles that apply to all types of software systems?

Systems should be developed using a managed and understood development process

Different processes are used for different types of software.

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What is crucial to understand and manage in software development?

The software specification and requirements (what the software should do).

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What is a recommended practice instead of writing new software?

Reuse software that has already been developed.

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What is Mentcare?

An information system intended for use in clinics.

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What is the primary goal of Mentcare?

To generate management information that allows health service managers to assess performance against local and government targets.

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How does Mentcare ensure accessibility for clinics without secure network connectivity?

It can run on a PC and download local copies of patient records when disconnected.

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What type of patients does the Mentcare system primarily support?

Patients suffering from mental health problems.

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What are the essential high-level requirements for the insulin pump system?

The system shall be available to deliver insulin when required and perform reliably.

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What are key features of the Mentcare system?

Individual care management
Patient monitoring
Administrative reporting

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What is a primary concern regarding the Mentcare system?

Privacy and confidentiality of patient information.

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What safety concern does the Mentcare system address?

Warning medical staff about potentially suicidal or dangerous patients.

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What does the weather station system collect data on?

Temperature
Pressure
Sunshine
Rainfall
Wind speed
Wind direction

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What are the types of services provided in the iLearn system?

Utility services
Application services
Configuration services

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What characterizes service-oriented systems?

All system components are considered to be a replaceable service.

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What is the purpose of a digital learning environment like iLearn?

To embed tools for learning and applications geared to the needs of learners.

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What functionality should the weather station system support?

Monitor instruments and power
Manage system power
Support dynamic reconfiguration

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What are the components of the weather station system?

Weather information system
Data management and archiving system
Station maintenance system

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What is the role of the insulin pump control system?

It collects data from a blood sugar sensor and calculates the required insulin dose.

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What ethical responsibilities do software engineers have?

To behave honestly and ethically.

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What is software reuse?

The dominant approach for constructing web-based systems by assembling them from pre-existing components.

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What are the high-level activities in software engineering?

Specification
Development
Validation
Evolution

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What are the essential attributes of software products?

Maintainability
Dependability
Security
Efficiency
Acceptability

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What distinguishes generic software products from customized products?

Generic products are marketed to any customer, while customized products meet specific customer needs.

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What is the ACM/IEEE Code of Ethics?

A code of ethical practice for software engineers.

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What ethical principle states that software engineers shall act in the public interest?

PUBLIC

True or False: Software engineers should respect confidentiality even without a formal agreement.

True

Fill in the blank: Software engineers shall ensure that their products and related modifications meet the highest _______.

professional standards possible

What should software engineers do regarding their level of competence?

Not misrepresent their competence.

What is a safety-critical system in the context of insulin pumps?

A system where low blood sugars can lead to severe consequences.

What does ethical behavior in software engineering involve?

Following a set of principles that are morally correct.

What is the rationale for the code of ethics in software engineering?

To ensure software engineering is a beneficial and respected profession.

What are the high-level activities of software processes?

Specification, development, validation, evolution

What are generic software products?

Stand-alone systems marketed and sold to any customer

What are customized software products?

Software commissioned by a specific customer to meet their needs

What are the key challenges facing software engineering?

Coping with increasing diversity, demands for reduced delivery times, developing trustworthy software

What percentage of software costs are development costs?

Approximately 60%

What percentage of software costs are testing costs?

Approximately 40%

What is software?

Computer programs and associated documentation

What are the attributes of good software?

Functionality, performance, maintainability, dependability, usability

What is software engineering?

An engineering discipline concerned with all aspects of software production

What are the fundamental software engineering activities?

Specification, development, validation, evolution

What is the difference between software engineering and computer science?

Computer science focuses on theory; software engineering focuses on developing and delivering software

What is the difference between software engineering and system engineering?

System engineering includes hardware, software, and process engineering; software engineering is a part of it

What contributes to software project failure?

Increasing system complexity, failure to use software engineering methods

What are data collection systems?

Systems that collect data from their environment using sensors

What are systems of systems?

Systems composed of a number of other software systems

What is the significance of software engineering in developed nations?

It is essential for economic dependence and system control

What is the relationship between software costs and computer system costs?

Software costs often dominate computer system costs

What are the main application types in software engineering?

Batch processing systems Entertainment systems Modeling and Simulation systems Stand-alone applications Interactive transaction-based applications Embedded control systems

What is a characteristic of maintainable software?

It can evolve to meet changing customer needs

What is meant by software dependability?

Reliability, security, safety; should not cause damage in the event of failure

What does efficiency in software refer to?

Optimal use of system resources like memory and processing time

What is the importance of acceptability in software?

Software must be understandable and usable by its intended users

What are general issues affecting software?

Heterogeneity, business and social change, security and trust, scale

What is the role of software engineering methods?

To produce reliable and trustworthy systems economically and quickly

What are the software process activities?

Specification, development, validation, evolution

# Software Project Failure As new software engineering techniques help us build larger, more complex systems, the demands change.

Increasing System Complexity

# Software Project Failure The software of companies that do not use software engineering methods become more expensive and less reliable.

Failure to use software engineering methods

# Professional Software Development Current programs and associated documentation.

Software

# Professional Software Development They may be developed for a particular customer or may be developed for a general market.

Software Products

# Professional Software Development Attributes of Good Software

Should deliver required functionality and performance to the user. * Maintainable * Dependable * Usable

# Professional Software Development Software Engineering

an engineering discipline that is concerned with all aspects of software production.

# Professional Software Development Fundamental Software Engineering Activities

* Software Specification * Software Development * Software Validation * Software Evolution

# Professional Software Development Software Engineering VS Computer Science

Computer Science: theory and fundamentals Software Engineering: concerned with practicalities of developing and delivering useful software

# Professional Software Development Software Engineering VS System Engineering

System Engineering: concerned with all aspects of computer-based systems development including hardware, software and process engineering. Software Engineering is part of the general process.

# Professional Software Development Key Challenges of Software Engineering

* Coping with increasing diversity * Demands for reduced delivery times * Developing trustworthy software

# Professional Software Development Costs of Software Engineering

* 60% - Development Costs * 40% - Testing Costs * Evolution costs exceed development costs for custom software

# Professional Software Development Best Software Engineering Techniques and Methods

Different techniques are appropriate for for different types of system ## Footnote Not one method is better than another

# Professional Software Development Techniques used for games

* Developed in a series of prototypes

# Professional Software Development Techniques used for critical control systems

* Require a complete and analyzable specification to be developed

# Software Products Generic Products

* stand-alone systems that are marketed and sold to any customer who wishes to buy them

# Software Products Customized Products

* Software that is commissioned by a specific customer to meet their own needs.

# Software Products Specification of what the software should do is owned by the software developed and decisions on software change are made by the developer

Generic Products

# Software Products The specification of what the software should do is owned by the customer for the software and they make decisions on software changes that are required.

Customized Products

Essential Attributes of Good Software

* Maintainability * Dependability and Security * Efficiency * Acceptability

# Essential Attributes of Good Software Software should be written in such a way so that it can evolve to meet the changing needs of customers

Maintainability

# Essential Attributes of Good Software Includes a range of characteristics including reliability, security, and safety. Should not cause physical or economic damage in the event of system failure. Malicious users should not be able to access or damage the system.

Dependability and Security

# Essential Attributes of Good Software Software should not make wasteful use of system resources such as memory and processor cycles. It therefore includes responsiveness, processing time, memory utilisation, etc.

Efficiency

# Essential Attributes of Good Software Sotware must be acceptable to the type of users for which it is designed. * Understandable * Usable * Compatible with other systems that they use

Acceptability

Software Engineering

engineering discipline that is concerned with all aspects of software production from the early stages of system specification through to maintaining the system after it has gone into use.

Software Engineering

# Software Engineering Using appropriate theories and methods to solve problems bearing in mind organizational and financial constraints.

Engineering Discipline

# Software Engineering Not just technical process of development. Also project management and the development of tools, methods, etc. to support software production.

All aspects of software production

# Importance of Software Engineering It is usually ________, in the long run, to use software engineering methods and techniques for software systems rather than just write the programs as if it was a personal programming project. For most types of system, the majority of costs are the costs of ________ the software after it has gone into use.

Cheaper Changing

What is Software Process?

defined as a set of activities, methods, and practices used to develop and maintain software products efficiently, including project plans, design documents, code, and test cases.

What is Software Process Activities

Software process activities include a series of steps and tasks involved in the development of software.

List Software Process Activities

* Software Specification * Software Development * Software Validation * Software Evolution

# Software Process Activities Software Specification

where customers and engineers **define** the software that is to be produced and the **constraints** on its operation

# Software Process Activities Where software is designed and programmed

Software Development

# Software Process Activities Software Validation

where the software is checked to ensure that it is what the customer requires.

# Software Process Activities Software Evolution

where the software is **modified** to reflect changing customer and market requirements

What are the general issues that affect software?

* Heterogeneity * Business and social change * Security and trust * Scale

What are the different application types?

1. Stand-alone applications 2. Interactive transaction-based applications 3. Embedded control systems 4. Batch processing systems 5. Entertainment systems 6. Systems for modeling and simulation 7. Data collection systems 8. System of systems

# Application Types These are application systems that run on a local computer, such as a PC. They include all necessary functionality and do not need to be connected to a network.

Stand-alone applications

# Application Types Applications that execute on a remote computer and are accessed by users from their own PCs or terminals. These include web applications such as e-commerce applications.

Interactive transaction-based applications

# Application Types These are software control systems that control and manage hardware devices. Numerically, there are probably more systems of this type than any other type of system.

Embedded control systems

# Application Types These are business systems that are designed to process data in large batches. They process large numbers of individual inputs to create corresponding outputs.

Batch processing systems

# Application Types These are systems that are primarily for personal use and which are intended to entertain the user.

Entertainment systems

# Application Types These are systems that are developed by scientists and engineers to model physical processes or situations, which include many, separate, interacting objects.

Systems for modeling and simulation

# Application Types These are systems that collect data from their environment using a set of sensors and send that data to other systems for processing.

Data collection systems

# Application Types These are systems that are composed of a number of other software systems.

Systems of systems

List software engineering fundamentals

1. Systems should be developed using managed and understood development process 2. Dependability and performance are important for all types of system 3. Understanding and managing software specification and requirements 4. Reuse software that has already been developed

# Internet Software Engineering ____ is now a platform for running application and organizations are increasingly developing web-based systems rather than local systems.

The Web

# Internet Software Engineering ____ allow application functionality to be accessed over the web.

Web Services

# Internet Software Engineering ____ is an approach to the provision of computer services where applications run remotely on the ‘cloud’.

Cloud computing ## Footnote Users do not buy software. They pay according to use.

# Web-based software engineering ____ are complex distributed systems but the fundamental principles of software engineering discussed previously are as applicable to them as they are to any other types of system. ## Footnote The fundamental ideas of software engineering apply to ________ software in the same way that they apply to other types of software system.

Web-based systems

# Web-based software engineering ____ is the dominant approach for constructing web-based systems. ## Footnote When building these systems, you think about how you can assemble them from pre-existing software components and systems.

Software Reuse

# Web-based software engineering Web-based systems should be developed and delivered incrementally. It is now generally recognized that it is impractical to specify all the requirements for such systems in advance.

Incremental and agile development

# Web-based software engineering Software may be implemented using ________ engineering, where the software components are stand-alone web services.

Service-oriented systems

# Web-based software engineering Interface development technologies such as AJAX and HTML5 have emerged that support the creation of rich interfaces within a web browser.

Rich interfaces

# Software Engineering Ethics Software engineers must behave in an ____ and ethically ____ way if they are to be respected as professionals.

* honest * responsible

# Software Engineering Ethics Ethical behaviour is more than simply upholding the law but involves following a set of ____ that are ____ correct.

* principles * morally

List the issues of professional responsibility

1. Confidentiality 2. Competence 3. Intellectual Property Rights 4. Computer misuse

What is ACM/IEEE Code of Ethics?

Association for Computing Machinery Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

The preamble for ACM/IEEE Code of Ethics

Software engineers shall commit themselves to making the analysis, specification, design, development, testing and maintenance of software a beneficial and respected profession. In accordance with their commitment to the health, safety and welfare of the public, software engineers shall adhere to the following Eight Principles:

# The preamble for ACM/IEEE Code of Ethics What are the Eight Principles

1. PUBLIC 2. CLIENT and EMPLOYER 3. PRODUCT 4. JUDGMENT 5. MANAGEMENT 6. PROFESSION 7. COLLEAGUES 8. SELF

# Eight Principles of ACM/IEEE Code of Ethics Software engineers shall act consistently with the public interest.

PUBLIC

# Eight Principles of ACM/IEEE Code of Ethics Software engineers shall act in a manner that is in the best interests of their client and employer consistent with the public interest.

CLIENT and EMPLOYER

# Eight Principles of ACM/IEEE Code of Ethics Software engineers shall ensure that their products and related modifications meet the highest professional standards possible.

PRODUCT

# Eight Principles of ACM/IEEE Code of Ethics Software engineers shall maintain integrity and independence in their professional judgment.

JUDGMENT

# Eight Principles of ACM/IEEE Code of Ethics Software engineering managers and leaders shall subscribe to and promote an ethical approach to the management of software development and maintenance.

MANAGEMENT

# Eight Principles of ACM/IEEE Code of Ethics Software engineers shall advance the integrity and reputation of the profession consistent with the public interest.

PROFESSION

# Eight Principles of ACM/IEEE Code of Ethics Software engineers shall be fair to and supportive of their colleagues.

COLLEAGUES

# Eight Principles of ACM/IEEE Code of Ethics Software engineers shall participate in lifelong learning regarding the practice of their profession and shall promote an ethical approach to the practice of the profession.

SELF

# Case Studies A personal insulin pump

An embedded system in an insulin pump used by diabetics to maintain blood glucose control.

A mental health case patient management system

Mentcare. A system used to maintain records of people receiving care for mental health problems.

A wilderness weather station

A data collection system that collects data about weather conditions in remote areas.

iLearn: a digital learning environment

A system to support learning in schools

# Insulin pump control system ____ system as low blood sugars can lead to brain malfunctioning, coma and death; high-blood sugar levels have long-term consequences such as eye and kidney damage.

Safety-critical

# Mentcare System Key features of the Mentcare system

1. Individual Care Management 2. Patient Monitoring 3. Administrative Reporting

# Mentcare System Concerns regarding Mentcare

1. Privacy 2. Safety

# Weather Information System This is responsible for collecting weather data, carrying out some initial data processing and transmitting it to the data management system.

Weather Station System

# Weather information system This system collects the data from all of the wilderness weather stations, carries out data processing and analysis and archives the data.

The data management and archiving system

# Weather information system This system can communicate by satellite with all wilderness weather stations to monitor the health of these systems and provide reports of problems.

The station maintenance system

# iLearn Services ____ that provide basic application-independent functionality and which may be used by other services in the system.

Utility Services

# iLearn Services ____ that provide specific applications such as email, conferencing, photo sharing etc. and access to specific educational content such as scientific films or historical resources.

Application Services

# iLearn Services ____ that are used to adapt the environment with a specific set of application services and do define how services are shared between students, teachers and their parents.

Configuration services

# iLearn Service Integration ____ are services which offer an API (application programming interface) and which can be accessed by other services through that API. Direct service-to-service communication is therefore possible.

Integrated Services

# iLearn Service Integration ____ are services which are simply accessed through a browser interface and which operate independently of other services. Information can only be shared with other services through explicit user actions such as copy and paste; re-authentication may be required for each ________ service.

Independent services