Chapter 1 Flashcards
What are indications?
Reasons for giving a drug to a patient
What are contraindications?
Reasons for NOT giving a drug to a patient
Prescriptions drugs are also known as what?
Legend drugs
What statement (legend) must prescription drugs be labeled with?
“Caution: Federal law restricts the use of this drug to use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian”
What must exist in order for a prescription drug to be prescribed to a client?
A valid veterinarian-client relationship
What are drugs that don’t require the supervision of a veterinarian called?
Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs
What does the drug regimen include? (5)
- Kind of drug
- Route of administration
- Dosage
- Frequency
- Duration
What is pharmacokinetics?
The complex series of events that occurs once a drug is administered to the patient
What is pharmacokinetics influenced by?
The manner in which the drug is given and the properties of the drug itself
What is the appropriate abbreviation for oral route of administration?
PO
What is the appropriate abbreviation for intravenous route of administration?
IV
What is the appropriate abbreviation for intramuscular route of administration?
IM
What is the appropriate abbreviation for subcutaneous route of administration?
SQ or SC
What does the term parenteral mean?
Injectable
What is an injection into the skin, used for testing for allergies called?
Intradermal (ID)
What is an injection into the abdominal cavity?
Intraperitoneal (IP)
What is an injection into the artery called?
Intra arterial (IA)
What is an injection into a joint called?
Intraarticular
What is an injection into the heart that is often used for euthanasia and CPR called?
Intracardiac
What is an injection into the bone marrow cavity called?
Intramedullary
What is an injection into the spine called?
Epidural
What is an injection near the spine called?
Subdural
What are anesthetic gasses given with?
Vaporizers
What are antibiotics or bronchodilators given with?
Nebulizers
What are drugs that are placed on the skin called?
Transdermal or Topical
What is the concentration gradient?
The difference in concentrations of drugs from one compartment of the body to another.
What does bioavailability measure?
The amount of drug that gets absorbed and is available to the patient
Water soluble drugs tend to stay where?
In the bloodstream
Lipid soluble drugs tend to go where?
Move out of the bloodstream into the interstitial fluid or tissue areas
What may interfere with the absorption of certain drugs?
Special barriers such as the placenta, or bloodbrain barrier
What happens to drugs once they are absorbed?
They may undergo metabolism, which yields a metabolite
What is the loss of electrons in the drug’s chemical makeup?
Oxidation
What is the gain of electrons in the drugs chemical makeup?
Reduction
What is the splitting of the drugs molecule and the addition of water molecules to each split portion?
Hydrolysis
What is the joining together of two compounds to make another compound that dissolves more quickly in water?
Conjugation
Why do cats and young animals metabolize drugs differently than mature animals?
Lack of enzymes (proteins produced by living cells) haven’t developed yet (young animals) or just don’t have them (cats)
Drug excretion (removal) is primarily through the __ or the __.
Liver (via bile - a fluids that helps in the digestion of fats) or the Kidneys (via urine - he waste fluid produced by the kidneys)
Some drugs may be excreted through which additional routes?
Mammary glands via milk, the lungs, the GI tract, sweat glands (in the pads of the animals feet), the saliva, or through the skin
What are drugs that’s appear in the animals milk or meat products called?
Residues
Why are certain drugs dosed at different dosages or intervals; what is the goal?
Staying in the therapeutic range (“B”)
What is the time it takes for half of the drug to be removed from the animal’s system called?
Half-life of the drug
What is pharmacodynamics?
The study of the mechanisms by which drugs produce physiological changes in the body
What are agonists?
Drugs that attach to certain receptors and cause specific actions
What are antagonists?
Drugs that block those receptors from being acted on
What is efficacy?
The degree to which a drug produces its desired effect
What is potency?
The amount of drug needed to produce the desired effect and is represented by a dose on dose-response curve
What is a “lethal dose”?
The dose of the drug that’s lethal to 50% of the animals given that drug
What is an “effective dose”?
Dose of a drug that produces the desired effect in 50% of animals given that drug
What does therapeutic index mean?
The higher the therapeutic index, the safer the drug is - drugs with lower therapeutic indexes must be used cautiously to avoid adverse effects
What is an adverse drug reaction?
Any undesired response to a drug produces its
What is a formulary?
A book that contains drug dosages and a listing of adverse reactions
What does proprietary drug classification mean?
The trade name of a patented drug
Generic means what?
Unpatented copy of a drug
The brand name “metronidazole” is also available as __.
Flagyl
The generic drug “famotidine” is available as the trade name __.
Pepcid A/C
What must drug labels on drugs stocked in the veterinary hospital contain?
-drug names (both generic and trade names)
-drug concentration and quantity
-name and address of manufacturer
-controlled substance status
-manufacturers control or lot number
-drug expiration date
The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does what?
Regulates the development and approval of animal drugs and feed additives through the Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM)
What does the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulate?
The development and approval of animal topical pesticides
What is the D rug Enforcement Agency (DEA) concerned with?
The regulation of substances that have the potential for human abuse (usually controlled substances)
Documentation is very important for controlled substances, and should include:
-date of prescription
-owner and patient name
-drug name
-amount dispensed and strength of the drug
-initials of dispensing doctor
The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) regulates
The development and approval of biologics (medical products such as vaccines, serums, antitoxins, and other products)
The Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank (FARAD) is sponsored by
The USDA, and is involved with producing “safe foods of animal origin” - concerned with residues found in animal products
The Animal Medincinal Drug Use Clarification Act (AMDUCA) made
The extra label use of approved veterinary drugs legal under certain well-defined conditions
What does the FDA policy on compounding involve?
The diluting or combing of various medications in order to medical animals of various sizes
What are the conditions that compounding is authorized?
-The ID of a legitimate veterinary medical need
- The need for an appropriate regimen for a particular species, size, gender, or medical condition of the patient
-lack of an approved animal or human drug that when used as labeled will treat the condition
-Not enough time to secure the drug needed to treat the condition
The Veterinary Feed Directive (VFD) gave the CVM the ability of what?
Better regulation of drugs that go into animal feeds
Drugs with what are absorbed more quickly?
Neutral ionic charges (atoms with neither positive nor negative electron charges)
