Chapter 1

Question 1

• involve manufacture of products that differ in chemical content from process feeds of different types (e.g. oil refineries)

Answer 1

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICAL PROCESSES

Question 2

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICAL PROCESSES CLASSIFICATIONS:

Answer 2

• batchwise
• continuous
• semicontinuous

Question 3

industrial chemical processes key operations

Answer 3

(1) chemical reactions and
(2) separation of chemical mixtures.

Question 4

include phase separation, heat addition or removal (heat exchangers), shaft work (pumps or compressors), mixing or dividing of streams, solids agglomeration, size reduction of solids, and separation of solids by size

Answer 4

auxiliary operations

Question 5

are achieved by enhancing the rate of mass transfer by diffusion of certain species relative to mass transfer of all species by bulk movement within a particular phase with the driving force and direction governed by limitations of equilibrium.

Answer 5

Separations

Question 6

rate of separation is governed by

Answer 6

mass transfer

Question 7

Extent of separation is limited by

Answer 7

thermodynamic equilibrium

Question 8

FIVE GENERAL SEPARATION TECHNIQUES

Answer 8

1. separation by phase creation
2. separation by phase addition
3. separation by barrier (membrane separation)
4. separation by solid agent
5. separation by force field or gradient

Question 9

• most common, creation of 2nd phase immiscible w/ feed phase by ESA (Q or Ws) or pressure reduction

Answer 9

Separation by Phase Creation

Question 10

• a second phase is introduced into the system in the form of a solvent, MSA, that selectively dissolves some species in the feed thereby separating the chemical species

Answer 10

Separation by Phase Addition

Question 11

use of microporous and non-porous semi-permeable membranes applied for difficult and highly selective separations

Answer 11

Separation by Barrier (Membrane Separation)

Question 12

use differences in rates of diffusion through pores to effect separation

Answer 12

microporous membranes

Question 13

use both solubility and rate of diffusion through membranes

Answer 13

non-porous membranes

Question 14

• uses solid mass-separating agents in the form of a granular or packing material, acting as an inert support for a thin layer of absorbent or enters directly into the separation operation by selective adsorption of, or chemical reaction with certain species in the feed mixture

Answer 14

Separation by Solid Agent

Question 15

• uses the differing degrees of responses of molecules and ions to forces and gradients to separate

Answer 15

Separation by Force Field or Gradient

Question 16

is calculated as a ratio between actual yield and theoretical yield (as in a reaction)

Answer 16

Percent yield

Question 17

is calculated as the ratio between the pure compound and initial compound in a reaction process.

Answer 17

percent recovery

Question 18

Percent yield can be used to determine

Answer 18

the efficiency of chemical synthesis.

Question 19

Percent recovery is used to determine

Answer 19

the amount of pure compound present in the final product of chemical synthesis.

Question 20

Percent purity of a product substance can be calculated by

Answer 20

dividing the mass of the pure chemical substance by the total mass of the product sample