Chapter 1 Flashcards
Test #1 Prep
1
Q
What is an argument?
A
a group of statements, one of which (the premise) are claimed to support one of the others (conclusion)
2
Q
What is a Statement?
A
a sentence that could be either true or false (declarative sentences)
3
Q
Is this a statement or a sentence: Chocolate truffles are loaded with calories
A
statement
4
Q
Is this a statement or a sentence: No wives ever cheat on their husbands
A
statement
5
Q
Is this a statement or a sentence: Lets make some chow mien for dinner
A
sentence
6
Q
What is a conclusion ?
A
the statement the evidence is trying to prove
7
Q
What is a premise?
A
statements that set fourth the reasons or evidence
8
Q
therefore
A
conclusion indicator
9
Q
wherefore
A
conclusion indicator
10
Q
thus
A
conclusion indicator
11
Q
consequently
A
conclusion indicator
12
Q
we may infer
A
conclusion indicator
13
Q
accordingly
A
conclusion indicator
14
Q
we may conclude
A
conclusion indicator
15
Q
it must be that
A
conclusion indicator
16
Q
for this reason
A
conclusion indicator
17
Q
so
A
conclusion indicator
18
Q
entails that
A
conclusion indicator
19
Q
hence
A
conclusion indicator
20
Q
it follows that
A
conclusion indicator
21
Q
implies that
A
conclusion indicator
22
Q
as a result
A
conclusion indicator
23
Q
since
A
premise indicator
24
Q
as
A
premise indicator
25
as indicated by
premise indicator
26
given that
premise indicator
27
because
premise indicator
28
seeing that
premise indicator
29
for
premise indicator
30
for that reason that
premise indicator
31
in that
premise indicator
32
inasmuch as
premise indicator
33
may be inferred from
premise indicator
34
owing to
premise indicator
35
In an argument it is not necessary . . .
for the premise to present actual evidence or true reasons nor actually support the conclusion. It must claim to present evidence that can support or imply something
36
What are the type of simple non-inferential passages
warnings, pieces of advice, statements of belief or opinion, loosely associated statements and reports
37
What is a piece of advice?
form of expression that makes a recommendation about some future decision or course of conduct.
38
What is a statement of belief or opinion ?
expression about what someone happens to believe or think about something
39
What are loosely associated statements?
lack a claim that one of them is proved by others. (a bunch of sentences or premises)
40
What is a report?
a group of statements that convey info about a topi or event
41
What is an expository passage?
kind of discourse that begins with a topic sentence followed by one or more sentences that develop the topic sentence
42
What is an illustration?
an expression involving one or more examples that si intended to show what something means or how its done
43
What is an explanation?
expression that purports to shed light on some event or phenomenon.
44
Explanandum
statement that describes the event or phenomenon to be explained
45
Explanans
statement or group of statements that purports to do something (they show why something is the cause)
46
(BLANK) are sometimes mistaken for arguments because the often contain the indicator work "because"
explanations
47
What is a conditional statement?
an "if" ... "then" statement
48
What components make up a condition statement?
antecedent and consequent
49
What is an antecedent?
component immediately following the "if" (conditional statements)
50
What is the consequent?
Statement following the "then" (conditional statements)
51
Do conditional statements serve as the premise of conclusion?
they can serve as the premise, conclusion or both.
52
Are conditional statement arguments?
No
53
Are explanations arguments?
No
54
(BLANK) are often confused as arguments because the contain indicator words like "thus"
illustrations
55
Are illustrations arguments?
no
56
Are explanations arguments?
If the objective is not to prove the topics sentence but elaborate or expand it then no , it is not an argument
57
Are simple non-inferential passages arguments?
no
58
Are conditional statements arguments?
only if they consists of other statements then it may be considered an argument. Otherwise no.
59
what is a sufficient condition?
condition represented by the antecedent in a conditional statement (e.g being a dog is sufficient for being an animal)
60
What is a necessary condition?
represented by the consequent of the condition statement. (e.g being an animal is necessary for being a dog)
61
What are the 10 (9) types of non-arguments?
warnings, reports, pieces of advice, expository passages, statements of belief or opinion, illustrations, explanations, loosely associated statements. conditional statements
62
What is an deductive argument?
an argument incorporating the claim that it is impossible for the conclusion to be false given that the premises are true
63
What are inductive arguments?
an argument incorporating the claim that it is improbable that the conclusion be false given the premise ar etrue
64
What are some inductive indicators?
improbable, plausible, implausible, likely, unlikely and reasonable to conclude
65
What are some deductive indicators?
certainly, absolutely, necessarily, definitely.
66
If the conclusion actually does follow with strict necessity from the premises, the argument is clearly
deductive
67
If the conclusion does not follow with strict necessity but does follow probably, it is often best to consider the argument
inductive
68
What are the deductive argument forms?
arguments based on math, arguments from definitions, categorical, hypothetical and disjunctive syllogism
69
What is an argument based on mathematics?
argument where conclusion depends on some purely arithmetic or geometric computation or measurement (Deductive)
70
What are arguments from definition?
an argument where the conclusion is claimed to depend merely on the definition of some word or phrase used in the premise or conclusion (deductive)
71
What is a syllogism?
an argument consisting of 2 premise and 1 conclusion(Deductive)
72
What are categorical syllogisms?
syllogisms where each statement begins with one of the words "all", "no", or "some"(Deductive)
73
What are hypothetical syllogisms?
syllogisms that have a conditional ("if...then") statement for 1 or more of the premises.(Deductive)
74
What is a disjunctive syllogism?
syllogism having a disjunctive (either.....or) statement(Deductive)
75
Arguments that occur in the sciences can be
either inductive or deductive depending on the circumstances
76
Arguments aimed at the discovery of a law of nature are usually considered
inductive
77
Application of know laws to a specific situation is always
deductive even if it is related to the future
78
Arguments that proceed from the particular to the general
inductive
79
Arguments that proceed from the general to the particular
deductive
80
In general, when content of the conclusion is intended to go beyond the content of the premises its
inductive
81
What are the types of inductive arguments?
predictions about the future, arguments from analogy, inductive generalizations, arguments from authority, arguments based on signs, and casual inferences
82
What are predictions?
arguments that takes knowledge from the past to make a claim about the future (Indicative)
83
What is an argument from analogy?
an argument that depends on the existence of an analogy or similarity between 2 things or states of affairs (inductive)
84
What is an argument of authority?
an argument that concludes something is true because a presumed expert or witness has said that it is. (inductive)
85
What is a generalization?
an argument that proceeds from knowledge of a selected sample to some claim about the whole group (inductive)
86
What is an argument based on signs?
an argument that proceeds from knowledge of a sign to claim about a thing or situation that the sign symbolizes (inductive)
87
What is a causal inferences?
an argument that proceeds from knowledge of a cause to a claim about an effect, or, conversely, from future knowledge of an effect to a claim about a case (inductive)
88
Conclusion follow with strict necessity from the premise in
valid deductive arguments
89
Valid Deductive Arguments
arguments in which it is impossible for the conclusion to be false given that the premises are true
90
Invalid Deductive Argument
a deductive argument in which it is possible for the conclusion to be false given that the premises are true
91
How to test for the validity of an argument
assume the premises are true and then determine if it's possible in light of the assumption for the conclusion to be false
92
Validity is not something that is uniformly determined by the actual (BLANK) of the premise and conclusion
truth or falsity
93
Is this argument valid or invalid:
All automakers are pharmaceutical companies.
United Airlines is an automaker.
Therefore, United Airlines is a pharmaceutical company.
valid
94
Validity is determined by the . . .
relationship between premise and conclusion. It's about if the premise supports the conclusion.
95
In valid arguments. . .
the premise supports the conclusion
96
In invalid argument . . .
the premise does not support the conclusion
97
Any deductive argument with a (BLANK) is invalid
actually true premise and an actually false conclusion
98
What is a sound argument?
a deductive argument that is valid and has all true premises
99
What is an unsound argument?
deductive argument that is invalid with one or more false premises
100
An argument having a conclusion that is validly supported by true premises but having a superfluous false premise would be . . .
sound
101
Strong inductive arguments
inductive arguments where it is probable the conclusion be false given the premise are true. ( conclusion does follow fro the premise)
102
weak inductive argument
an argument where the conclusion does not follow probably from the premise even though it's claimed to.
103
When testing the strength of inductive arguments
assume the premise is true then determine whether, based on assumption the conclusion is probably true
104
What type of argument is this?
Dom Pérignon champagne, which is made in France, sells for over $100 per bottle. Marquis de la Tour is also a French champagne. Therefore probably it, too, sells for over $100 per bottle.
inductive, weak, uncogent
105
Whats the difference between strong inductive arguments and valid deductive arguments?
if the conclusion of a deductive argument is necessarily true independently of the premise the argument is still considered valid
If the conclusion of an inductive argument is probably true independently of the premise the argument is weak.
106
Inductive arguments consider
the probabilistic support for the conclusion (you can have a probably true premise and a probably true conclusion but if the promise provides no probabilistic support for the concussion it's weak.
107
When we say the conclusion is probably false we mean. . .
in the actual world in light of all the evidence
108
What is a cogent argument?
an inductive argument that strong with all true premise
109
What is an uncogent argument?
inductive argument that is weak, has one or more false premises, and fails to meet the total evidence requirement.
110
If all premises are true then the argument is . . .
sound (deduction) or cogent (induction)
111
All invalid deductive and weak inductive arguments are . .
unsound and uncogent
112
Deductive arguments are described as
valid/invalid and sound/unsound
113
Inductive arguments are described as
Strong/weak and cogent/uncogent
114
Internal structure of arguments follow: If the pattern of reasoning is (BLANK) then it will be (BLANK) if not it will be (BLANK)
good, valid, invalid
115
It's not the case that every substitution instance of an (BLANK) is an (BLANK) argument
invalid, invalid
116
What is the counterexample method?
isolating an argument and then constructing a substitution instance having a true premise and a false conclusion
117
Multiple conclusions are desmostrated by
a braket
118
Conjointed premises are demonstrated by
squiggly parthnethesis
119
Conjoined premise is when
premises depend on one another in such a way that if one was omitted the support the other provides would be diminished or destroyed
120
Multiple conclusions are when
a premise support multiple conclusions
121
A valid argument may have a false premise and a false conclusion. (T or F)
True
122
If a deductive argument has true premises and a false conclusion, it is necessarily invalid. (T or F)
True
