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Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Epidemiology

A

Study of factors that determine the occurrence and distribution of disease in a population

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2
Q

Epidemiology 3 greek roots and meaning

A

Epi - upon
Demos - people
Logos - study

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3
Q

Basic science of public health

A

Epidemiology

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4
Q

Differentiate clinical practitioners from epidemiologists

A

Clinical practitioners - single patient

Epidemiologist - groups or whole populations

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5
Q

4 levels of scientific study

A
  1. Molec or sub molec - cell bio, genetics, biochem, immuno
  2. Tissue or organ level - anaphy
  3. Level of individual patients - clinical medicine
  4. Level of populations - epi
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6
Q

Classical Epi
(Explain its focus)

A
  1. Distribution and Determinants of disease
  2. Community origins of health problems
    - infectious agents
    - nutrition
    - environment
    - human behavior
    - psychologic
    - social
    - spiritual
  3. Discovering risk factors and how they can be altered to minimize, prevent, delay the disease, injury, and death
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7
Q

Syndromic epidemiology

(Approach under Classical epidemiology)

A

Look for patterns of sign and symptoms that might indicate an origin of bioterorism

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8
Q

Clinical epidemiology
(Focus & goal)

A
  1. Use research designs and statistical tool used in classical but they are focused in studying patients un health care setting rather than in the community.
  2. Goal: improve…
    prevention
    Early detection
    Diagnosis
    Treatment
    Prognosis
    Care
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9
Q

Epi can be divide into

A
  1. Infectious disease epi - laboratory support
  2. Chronic disease epi - complex sampling and statistical method
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10
Q

Etiology

A

Cause or origin of disease or abnormal condition

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11
Q

Natural history of disease

A

How the disease progress without medical or public health intervention

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12
Q

Goal of intervention

A

Alter the natural history of a disease in a favorable way

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13
Q

Stages of Disease

A

Pre disease
Latent
Symptomatic

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14
Q

Pre disease

A

Stage before disease process begins

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15
Q

Primary intervention

A

Preventing the disease process from starting

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16
Q

Latent

A

Disease started but asymptomatic

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17
Q

Secondary prevention

A

Screening for disease
Appropriate treatment to prevent progression

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18
Q

Symptomatic

A

Disease manifestation are evident

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19
Q

Epidemiology

A

Quantifies, describes, and
postulates causal mechanisms for health phenomena in the population.

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20
Q

Epidemiology (from ppt)

A

Study of

  • distribution and dererminants of health related events in a population
  • and the application of this study to the prevention and control of health problems
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21
Q

STUDY

A

A PROCESS that employs a systematic approach that includes

  • surveillance
  • observation
  • hypothesis generation
  • hypothesis testing
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22
Q

DISTRIBUTION

A

ANALYSIS of health-related states or events in terms of

person
place
Time characteristics

23
Q

DETERMINANTS

A

FACTORS that influence health

24
Q

Types of determinants (8)

A

Biological
Chemical
Physical
Social
Cultural
Economic
Genetic
Behavioral

25
Health related events
health outcomes - disease, discomfort, destitution, dissatisfaction, death positive states of health - life expectancy behaviors and the provision and use of health services
26
Specified populations
Examines the occurrence of health-related states or events in populations rather than among individuals
27
Prevention and Control (aims of public health)
promote protect restore health (or preserve)
28
Epidemiology branches
Analytic - distribution & determinant Applied - prevention and control
29
Aims of Epi
- describe the health status of populations - Predict the occurrence of disease - characterize the etiology of disease - Control the distribution of disease
30
Aims of Epi
- describe the health status of populations - Predict the occurrence of disease - characterize the etiology of disease - Control the distribution of disease
31
To describe the health status of populations
Enumerate cases obtain relative frequencies of the disease within subgroups discover important trends
32
characterize the etiology of disease
- causal factors - mode of transmission
33
Predict the occurrence of disease
- estimate # of cases that will develop - identify its distribution
34
control the distribution of disease
• To prevent occurrence of new cases • To eradicate existing cases • To prolong the lives of those with disease • To evaluate health interventions
35
Goals of Epidemiology
Improved understanding of - the natural history of disease - disease determinants
36
Distribution
Descriptive
37
Determinants
Analytic
38
Determinants
Analytic
39
Prevention and control
Applied
40
Historical Antecedents of Epidemiology
• Disease as resulting from supernatural forces • Environment as factor in disease causation • Use of mortality counts • Use of natural experiments • Identification of specific agents of disease
41
Disease as resulting form supernatural forces (Ancient greek)
- wrath of gods - breakdown of religious beliefs & morality - the influence of weather, and bad air (miasma)
42
Environment as a factor in disease causation (Hippocrates)
Postulated that disease might be associated with physical environment supernatural to rational explanations of disease causation.
43
Use of Mortality Counts (John Graut)
Bills of mortality (1662)
44
JOHN GRAUNT
First to employ quantitative methods in describing populations vital statistics Natural and Political Observation Made upon the Bills of Mortality (1662) discovery of regularities in medical and social phenomena
45
Use of Natural Experiments (JOHN SNOW)
investigated a cholera epidemic
46
Explain john snow’s work
investigated a cholera epidemic that occurred during mid-19th century Broad street, Golden Square, London. it utilized many of the features of the epidemiologic inquiry: - Spot map of cases - Tabulation of fatal attacks and deaths -Hypothesis formulation
47
Use of Natural Experiments (Ignaz Semmelwis)
maternal mortality was higher among women in teaching wards for physicians and medical students than in teaching wards for midwives. HANDWASHING
48
Ignaz Semmelweis Postulated that
physicians and medical students contaminated their hands during autopsies and transmitted infections while attending women in the maternity wards.
49
Identification of specific agents of disease (Robert Koch)
Tuberculosis Espoused the concept that disease are caused by specific living organisms. refinement of the classification of diseases by specific causal organisms in any human disease a strict regulation between a microorganism and disease
50
Identification of specific agents of disease (Robert Koch)
Tuberculosis Espoused the concept that disease are caused by specific living organisms. refinement of the classification of diseases by specific causal organisms in any human disease a strict regulation between a microorganism and disease
51
Koch’s postulates (4)
The microorganism must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease, but should not be found in healthy organisms. The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture. The cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism. The microorganism must be reisolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent.
52
Framingham Heart Study (1949)
Pioneering research for risk factors on coronary heart disease - Blood pressure level, blood cholesterol level, cigarette smoking
53
Doll & Peto (post- World War II)
Investigated association between smoking and lung cancer.

Epidemiology (1 decks)

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