Chapter 1 Flashcards
St. Vitus’ Dance/Tarantism
mass madness of large groups of people jumping, dancing, and convulsing on the streets
General paresis of the insane (GPI)
- A disorder evidenced by mania, euphoria, and grandiosity, followed by a progressive deterioration of brain functioning (dementia) and paralysis.
- Established by Richard von Krafft-Ebing that it results from an untreated syphilis infection
- Led to popularity of somatogenesis
Lobotomies
Psychosurgery consisting of surgical removal, or disconnection, of the frontal lobes of the brain, intended to relieve all manner of mental and emotional disorders
Trephination
A prehistoric form of surgery possibly intended to let out evil spirits involving chipping a hole into a person’s skull
Asylums
A place for treatment of the mentally ill. Follow the tradition of care, support, and compassion.
Humours
Bodily fluids, disturbances of which, according to Hippocrates, resulted in psychological dysfunctioning. Black bile, Yellow bile, Flam, Blood
Psychopathology
Both the scientific study of psychological abnormality and the problems faced by people who suffer from such disorders
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
- The use of electricity to induce a seizure in mental patients by placing electrodes on the skull and administering a convulsive rather than a lethal shock intensity
- Originally used to treat schizophrenia
- Found to be most effective for depression
Psychological abnormality
Behaviour, speech, or thought that impairs the ability of a person to function in a way generally expected of him or her, in the context in which the unusual functioning occurs
Psychological disorder
A specific manifestation of mental illness as described by some set of criteria established by a panel of experts
Mental hygiene movement
From 1841 to 1881, Dorothy Dix carried on a passionate campaign about the inhumane treatment of the mentally ill.
Her camaign resulted directly in the opening of 32 state hospitals including 2 in Canada.
The asylums became overcrowded and turned into warehouses that simply retrained the patients
Moral therapy
- Philippe Pinel
- the insane could be controlled without the use of physical or chemicalrestraints, by means of respect and quiet and peiceful surroundings, plenty of rest, a good diet, moderate exercise, and activities.
Behaviourism
Approach devised by John B. Watson that declares that psychology must be restricted to the study of observable features or the behaviour of organisms. Abnormal functioning is learned as thus can be unlearned.
Syndromes
Group of symptoms. Term created by Emil Kraepelin
Natural causes
Causes that can be observed and examined.
Somatogensis
The idea that psychopathology is caused by biological factors
Culturally relative
The functions and acceptability of various behaviours vary by culture rather than being universal truths
Bedlam
Any form of rowdy, chaotic behaviour.
Mental Health Commission of Canada (MHCC)
A non–profit organization created to focus national attention on mental health issues and to work to improve the health and social outcomes of people living with mental illness
Deinstitutionalization
- The removal of people with disabilities from institutions and the provision of community-based accommodation and services
- lead to mixed results: Proper care? Medicine abuse? Lack of a feeling of turmoil results in not wanting to take meds
- Three main processes: Reduce dependence on psychiatric hospitals, Increase psychiatric beds in general hospitals, Growth of community based outpatients services
- Canada was a leader in this in 1960, Success varied widely across Canada
- Lack of community resources continue to be a major challenge
Supernatural causes
causes beyond the understanding of ordinary mortals such as gods or magic. Psychological dysfunctioning was thought to result from demonds and witchcraft
- Stone Age trephining involved chipping away a part of the skull
- The Edwin Smith and Ebers papyri indicate that the Egyptians used surgery and prayers
Evience-based practice (EBP)
Health care based on established scientific findings rather than practitioners’ assumptions
Elements of abnormality
- Statistical Concept
- Personal Distress
- Violation of the Societal Norms
- Diagnosis
Hypocrites’ early medical concepts included
- Proposing that mental disorders had natural causes
- Associating dreams and personality
- Disturbances in bodily fluids (or humours)
Plato
Viewed psychological phenomena as responses to the environment
Emphasized individual differences and sociocultural influences
Discussed hospital care rather than work houses or being shunned
Aristotle
wrote a lasting description of consciousness
Galen
provided an anatomy of the nervous system and how it played in
Degeneration Theory
- Benedict Morel
- deviations in functioning transmitted by hereditary processes
Emil Kraepelin
First to attempt to classify mental illnesses
Psychopharmacology
- Emerged in 1950s
- Mental illness seen to result from disordered brain chemistry
- Success of antipsychotics led to deinstitutionalization
Hypnotism
Charcot – believed hypnotism could treat psychological factors involved with hysteria
Psychoanalysis
- Emphasizes inner dynamics of unconscious motives
- developed by Freud who had clients free-talk about past events
- Breuer used hypnosis to have clients free-talk
Psychoanalysis concentrates on (4)
- Catharsis
- The unconscious
- Free association
- Dream analysis
Classical conditioning
- Ivan Pavlov demonstrated that dogs will respond to a nonfood stimulus once regularly accompanied by food
- John B. Watson emphasized the study of overt behaviour
Operant conditioning
E.L. Thorndike and B.F. Skinner studied how the consequences of behaviour influence behaviour
Rat in a box example
