CHAPTER 1

Question 1

Generalization

Answer 1

Scientific explanation - a general conclusion based on many observations of similar phenomena

Question 2

Reduction

Answer 2

Scientific explanation - A broader complex phenomena described using smaller ideas.
Break down phenomena into simpler fundamental components.

Question 3

Dualism

Answer 3

Approach to the mindbody question - The body is physical, and the mind (soul) is not.

Body and mind are separate.

body = ordinary matter
mind = not ordinary matter

Question 4

Monism

Answer 4

Approach to the mindbody question - Everything consists of matter and energy.

The mind is a phenomenon produced by the workings of the nervous system.

Question 5

Hippocrates

Answer 5

concluded that the role of thoughts and emotions should be assigned to the brain.

Question 6

Aristotle

Answer 6

concluded that the role of thoughts and emotions should be assigned to the heart.

The brain cooled the passions of the heart.

Question 7

Galen

Answer 7

demonstrated that nerved connected to the brain

• looked at different animals and discovered a highway of connections.

Question 8

Rene Descarte

Answer 8

Believed animal behaviors to be controlled by the environmental stimuli.

Supporting monism - found human body movements can be automatic

Discovered reflexes - touch something hot - immediately move away

Question 9

Reflexes

Answer 9

Automatic, stereotypical movement produced by the direct result of stimulus

I.e. something hot, you immediately move away from it.

Question 10

Luigi Galvani

Answer 10

Studied how nervous system send messages to the muscles

Experimented on frogs using electric stimuli which resulted in a muscle contraction

Prompted others to study messages transmitted by the nerve and muscles

Question 11

Johannes Muller

Answer 11

Discovered that messages in the brain occur in different channels of the brain. The brain is functionally divided.

Studied animal organs and tested responses using various chemicals and alternating environments (understanding the working of the body)

Question 12

Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies

Answer 12

Muller’s conclusions - because all nerve fibers carry the same type of message, sensory information must be specified by particular nerve fibers thar are active.

Nature of perception is defined by the pathway rather than which sensory information is carried

Example:
messages carried to optic nerves produce sensations of visual images

messages carried by auditory nerves produce sensations of sound

Question 13

Pierre Florens

Answer 13

Discovered brain ablations

Question 14

Experimental Ablation

Answer 14

Research method is which function o a part of the brain is inferred by observing behaviors and animal can no longer perform

Intentionally damaging the brain and observing the effects of said damage.

Question 15

Paul Broca

Answer 15

Used Experimental ablation - found that damage to the frontal left hemisphere causes a loss of speech

Resulted in Broca’s area in the left side of the brain - performs functions necessary for speech

Question 16

Epigenetics

Answer 16

Changes to gene expression induced by environmental factors.

Question 17

Functionalism

Answer 17

Principle - the best way to understand a biological phenomenon (a behavior or a physiological structure) is to try and understand it’s useful function for the organism

Example:

Large talons = large prey
green color = caterpillars camouflage and survive

Question 18

Natural Selection

Answer 18

Process by which inherited traits that confer a selective advantage become more prevalent in the population

MOTH EXAMPLE - the changing of environment - only those who can adapt survive, those who don’t die. Those that survive pass on said survival genes to others.

Question 19

Mutations

Answer 19

How the transition from generation to generation.
- accidental changes in chromosomes

Change in genetic information contained in chromosomes of sperm or eggs, and be passes on to an organism’s offspring; provides genetic variability

• If a mutation kills you, it is not passed on
• CAN be passed on if it helps you survive - thus evolution occurs

Question 20

Selective Advantage

Answer 20

A characteristic of an organism that permit it to produce more than the average number of offspring of it’s species

• can be physical traits
• effects pf physical changes can be seen in animal behavior.

Question 21

Evolution

Answer 21

Gradual change in structure and physiology of plant and animal species - generally produce more complex organisms - as a result of natural selection
(GRADUAL)

Question 22

Neoteny

Answer 22

Brain size is limited by birth canal. - solution

A slowing of the process o maturation allowing more time for growth; an important factor in development of large brains.

• This is why elephants have bigger brain than us yet we are smarter
• this continued growth created a “programmable computer
  -Allows ability for what the environment is requiring

EX. deaf orphans with no adults - creating their own sign language - example of neoteny

Question 23

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee

Answer 23

A committee with the intention of insuring the humane treatment of all animals within a scientific environment.

Question 24

The 3 R’s of Animal Research

Answer 24

Replacement, Reduction, Refinement

Question 25

Replacement

Answer 25

Use non-animal models whenever possible

Question 26

Reduction 3r

Answer 26

Use smallest number of animals possible

Question 27

Refinement

Answer 27

Minimize distress and improve welfare of animals

Question 28

Informed Consent

Answer 28

Process in which researchers must inform a participant about the nature of the study, how data will be collected, stored, the anticipated benefits, and costs of participating will be.

Question 29

Neuroethics

Answer 29

a interdisciplinary field devoted to understanding implications of and developing the best practices in ethics for neuroscience research. - studies implications of and develops best practices in ethics for neuroscience research.

Question 30

Behavioral Neuroscientists

Answer 30

scientists who study philosophy of behavior, primarily by performing physiological and behavioral experiments with lab animals - Earn a Ph.D. - can be employed by colleges and universities for teaching and research - others are devoted to institutions of research -few work commercially

Question 31

What is the ultimate function of the nervous system?

Answer 31

behavior

Question 32

What is the mind-body question?

Answer 32

What role does the mind play in the control of behavior?

Question 33

What gives one intelligence?

Answer 33

The quantity of neurons and how they connect with each other. NOT THE SIZE - size is dependent upon proportion and size of the birth canal enrichment can help with this - allowing a space for one to make connections themselves through activity etc.

Question 34

Why is the use of animal research important?

Answer 34

The only way to learn understand the brain and physiology is through animal research. biology, evolution, etc.