Chapter 1 Flashcards
Which type of development occurs skill by skill and task by task?
Continuous Development
Which type of development is defined by changes with age occurring gradually in small increments?
Continuous Development
Which type of development is defined by changes with age including occasional large shifts?
Discontinuous Development
What is effortful attention?
Ability to focus on important things, regulate emotions, eliminate behavior inconsistent with goals.
What is cumulative risk?
Negative outcomes are related to a huge array of challenges faced by children from economically impoverished families (The more obstacles a child faces makes it harder to become successful).
What is reliability?
Degree to which independent measures of given behavior are consistent.
What is interrater reliability?
Amount of agreement in observations of different raters who witness the same behavior.
What is test-retest reliability?
Degree of similarity of a participant’s performance on two or more occasions.
What is validity?
Degree to which a test measures what it is intended to measure.
What is internal validity?
Degree to which effects that are observed within experiments can be attributed to factor that researcher is testing.
What is external validity?
Degree to which results can be generalized beyond particulars of the research.
What is replicability?
Degree to which subsequent studies designed to be identical to original experiment yield same results when conducted with different people at a different time.
When are structured interviews useful?
Useful when goal is to collect self-reports on same topics from everyone being studied.
When are clinical interviews useful?
Useful for obtaining in-depth information about an individual child.
What are questionnaires?
Information gathered simultaneously through uniform set of questions presented to participants.
What is naturalistic observation?
Examination of ongoing behavior in an environment not controlled by the researcher.
What is structured observation?
Method that presents identical situations to each child and records child’s behavior.
What is correlational designs?
Studies intended to indicate how two variables are related to each other.
What are variables?
Attributes that vary across individuals and situations, such as age, sex, and popularity.
What is correlation?
Association between two variables. Ranges from 1.00 (positive correlation) to -1.00 (negative correlation).
What is direction-of-causation problem?
Correlation between two variables does not indicate which, if either, variable is the cause of the other.
What is third-variable problem?
Correlation between two variables may stem from both being influenced by some third variable.
What are experimental designs?
Group of approaches that allow inferences about causes and effects to be drawn.
What is the control group?
Group of participants in an experimental design who are not presented the experience of interest but in other ways are treated identically.
What is the experimental group?
Group of participants in an experimental design who are presented the experience of interest.
What is experimental control?
Ability of the researcher to determine the specific experiences that children have during the course of an experiment.
What is the independent variable (IV)?
Experience that participants in the experimental group receive that those in the control group do not receive.
What is the dependent variable (DV)?
Behavior that is measured to determine whether it is affected by exposure to the independent variable.
What is cross-sectional design?
Compare children of different ages on a given behavior or characteristic over a short period.
What does cross-sectional design not yield?
Does not yield information about stability of behavior over time or about patterns of change shown by individual children.
What is longitudinal design?
Same children are studied twice or more over a substantial length of time. Useful for revealing stability and change over time.
What is microgenetic designs?
Same children are studied repeatedly over a short period. Designed to provide in-depth depiction of processes that produce change.
What does WEIRD stand for?
Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic
