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PSYCH 101 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

SQ3R method and its five steps

A

Provides a systematic approach to studying the text and helps maxine learning
survey, question, read, recite, review

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2
Q

four goals of psychology

A

description, explanation, prediction, influence

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3
Q

Description

A

identifying and classifying behaviors and mental processes

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4
Q

Explanation

A

proposing reasons for behaviors and mental processes

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5
Q

Prediction

A

offering hypotheses about how a condition or set of conditions will affect behavior and mental processes

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6
Q

Influence

A

using research results to solve practical problems

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7
Q

Basic research

A

research that seeks new knowledge to advance general scientific understanding

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8
Q

Applied research

A

research conducted to solve practical problems and improve the quality of life

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9
Q

Wilhelmina Wundt

A

1832-1920
the “father” of psychology
used introspection to analyze basic elements of conscious mental experience

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10
Q

Edward Bradford Titchner

A

1867-1927
wundt’s student
established a psychological laboratory in the USA

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11
Q

Structuralism

A

wundt and titchener’s school of thought
criticized because of its methods
structuralists established psychology as a science

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12
Q

Functionalism

A

focused on how humans and animals use mental processes in adapting to their environments
broadened the scope of psychology to include behavior as well as mental processes

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13
Q

William James

A

1842-1920
functionalism’s most famous proponent
believed that the stream of consciousness functions to help humans adapt to their enviornment

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14
Q

Christine Ladd-Franklin

A

overcome discrimination
completed PhD i the mid 1880’s at John Hopkins
did not receive her degree until 1926
formulated a well-regarded theory of color vision

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15
Q

Mary Whiton Calkins

A

completed the requirements for a doctorate at Harvard
Harvard refused to grant the degree to a woman/
established a psychology laboratory at Wellesley College
Developed the paired associator test

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16
Q

Margaret Floy Washburn

A

received PhD from Cornell University
wrote influential books including “The animal Mind” and “movement and Mental imagery”

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17
Q

Francis Cecil Summer

A

First African American to earn a PhD in psychology in 1920
Chaired psychology department at Howard University

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18
Q

Albert Sidney Beckham

A

established first psychological laboratory at a black institution of higher learning( Howard University)
conducted important studies on intelligence and how it related to occupational fields

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19
Q

Kenneth Clark

A

received national recognition for writing on the harmful effects of racial segregation
his writings affected supreme court ruling declaring national segregation unconstitutional

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20
Q

Jorge Sanchez

A

a hispanic american psychologist
studied bias in intelligence testing during the 1930s
pointed out that cultural and language differences work against hispanic students when they take IQ tests

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21
Q

Seven Major Schools if thought in Psychology today

A

Behavioriorism
Psychoanalytic psychology
Humanistic psychology
Cognitive psychology
Evolutionary psychology
biological psychology
sociocultural approach

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22
Q

how do behaviorists explain behavior and mental processes

A

behaviorists view observable measurable behavior as the only appropriate subject matter for psychology
Also emphasizes the environment as the key determinant of behavior

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23
Q

Humanistic Psychology

A

Maslow and Roger’s
Focuses on the uniqueness of human beings and their capacity for choice growth,and psychological health

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24
Q

Abraham Maslow theory of motivation

A

the need for self actualization is the highest need in the hierarchy of needs

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25
Q

Client centered therapy

A

Carl Rogers
an approach in which the client directs a discussion on his or her own view of the problem

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26
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A

focuses on the mental processes such as memory, problem solving, decision making, perception, and language

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27
Q

Information processing theory

A

an approach within cognitive psychology that uses the computer as a model for human thinking

28
Q

Evolutionary psychology

A

focuses on how humans behaviors necessary for survival have adapted in the face of environmental pressures over the course of evolution

29
Q

biological psychologists

A

looks for connections between specific behaviors such as aggression and specific biological factors such as hormones to help explain individual differences

30
Q

sociocultural approach

A

focuses on how factors such as cultural values affect behavior
proponents of this approach believe that these factors are as important as evolutionary and physiological factors in affecting behavior and mental processes

31
Q

psychological perspectives

A

general points of view used for explaining people’s behavior and thinking

32
Q

eclectic position

A

using combination of approaches to explain a particular behavior

33
Q

Descriptive Research methods(5)

A

naturalistic observation
laboratory observation
case study
survey research
correlational method

34
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

observation of behavior in its natural settings, without attempting to influence it

35
Q

Laboratory observation

A

studying behavior in a laboratory setting
allows more control and more precise measurements of responses

36
Q

case study

A

studying a single individual or small number of personas in depth

37
Q

Survey research

A

uses interviews and or questionnaires to gather information about the attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors of a group of people
instead of studying the whole population, researchers survey a sample of

38
Q

representative sample

A

used in survey research
a sample that mirrors the population of interest

39
Q

Correlation method

A

used to establish the degree of a relationship between two characteristics, events or behaviors such

40
Q

Experimental method

A

the only research method that can identify cause-effect relationships

41
Q

independent variable

A

a factor or condition that is deliberately manipulated to determine whether it causes any change in another behavior or condition

42
Q

dependent variable

A

a factor or condition that is measured at the end of an experiment

43
Q

experimental group

A

the group that is exposed to the independent variable

44
Q

control group

A

a group that is exposed to the same experimental exviornment but is not given the treatment

45
Q

onfounding variables

A

factors other than the independent variable that can affect the results

46
Q

placebo effect

A

response to a treatment caused by a person’s expectations, not the treatment itself

47
Q

experimenter bias

A

occurs when the researcher’s expectations influence the experiment’s results

48
Q

double-blind technique

A

used to control bias factors
neither the experimenter nor the participants know who is in the experimental and control groups

49
Q

seven ethical rules that researchers must follow when humans are involved in studies

A

legality
institutinal approval
informed consent
deception
clients, patients, students, and subordinates
payment for participation
publication

50
Q

Legality

A

research must conform to applicable laws

51
Q

institutional approval

A

must be approved by all institutions involved in a study

52
Q

informed consent

A

participants must be informed of the purpose of a study and any potential harm

53
Q

deception

A

only used when necessary
of deceived, participants must be debriefed

54
Q

clients,patients,students,and subordinates

A

must not be negatively affected by participating

55
Q

payment for participation

A

is ethical
but participants must be fully informed about what is expected

56
Q

Publication

A

researchers must report finding in an appropriate forum, and make their data avaliable to others for verification

57
Q

why are animals used in research?

A

animals provide a simpler model for studying similar processes in humans
researchers can exercise more control over animals and use a wider range of medical and other manipulations

58
Q

who are some of the specialists working within psychology (8)

A

clinical psychologists
counseling psychologists
physiological or biological psychologists
experimental psychologists
developmental psychologists
educational psychologists
social psychologists
industrial/organizational psychologists

59
Q

Clinical psychologists

A

specialized in the diagnosis and treement of mental and behavioral disorders, such as anxiety, phobias, and schizophrenia

60
Q

Counseling Psychologists

A

help people who have adjustment problems(marital, social or behavioral) that are generally less severe

61
Q

Psyiological, or biological [sychologists

A

study the relationship between physiological processes and behavior

62
Q

physiological, or biological psychologists experimental psychologists

A

study the relationship between physiological processes and behavior

63
Q

experimental psychologists

A

conduct experiments in most areas of psychology, including learning, memory and perception

64
Q

developmental psychologists

A

study how people grow, develop, and change throughput the lifespan

65
Q

educational psychologists

A

specialize in the study of teaching and learning

66
Q

social psychologists

A

investing how individuals feel, think, and behave in social settings

67
Q

industrial/organizational psychologists

A

study the relationship between people and their work environments

PSYCH 101 (3 decks)

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