Chapter 1 Flashcards
From chapter 1
What is the scientific study of disease called?
Pathology
Pathology developed during the 1800s.
Who believed that understanding disease required close examination of affected body cells?
Rudolf Virchow
Virchow emphasized the importance of cellular examination in understanding diseases.
What significant discovery did Crawford Long and William T. G. Morton make in the 1840s?
Ether gas as an anesthetic
They independently discovered that ether could safely put patients to sleep during surgery.
By the end of the 1800s, what had researchers discovered regarding infectious diseases?
Bacteria and other microbes responsible for diseases
This included cholera, diphtheria, and tuberculosis.
Who invented a method for determining which bacteria cause particular diseases?
Robert Koch
Koch’s method helped to identify germs linked to specific diseases.
What theory did Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch establish?
The microbial, or germ, theory of disease
This theory states that certain kinds of microbes cause disease.
What did Edward Jenner discover?
A safe method of making people immune to smallpox
Jenner’s discovery led to the first officially recorded vaccination.
What did Anton van Leeuwenhoek study using a microscope?
Organisms invisible to the naked eye
He discovered certain microbes that are now known as microorganisms.
What did William Harvey prove about blood circulation?
Continuous circulation of blood
Harvey’s work established the understanding of blood flow within a contained system.
What key factor did Aselli discover related to cancer?
Lymphatic drainage
This discovery was significant for developing surgical techniques for cancer treatment.
True or False: The success of Jenner’s experiment initiated the science of immunology.
True
Jenner’s work on smallpox vaccination laid the foundation for immunology.
Fill in the blank: Louis Pasteur proved that certain kinds of microbes cause _______.
disease
Pasteur’s experiments were pivotal in establishing the germ theory.
What did hospitals pay little attention to before the mid-1800s?
Cleanliness and hygiene in surgical practices.
Who was convinced by Pasteur’s work that germs caused surgical wound infections?
Joseph Lister.
What method did Joseph Lister introduce in 1865 to sterilize surgical wounds?
The use of carbolic acid as a disinfectant.
What technique replaced Lister’s method for preventing infections?
Aseptic technique, which involves keeping germs away from surgical wounds.
What innovations were introduced to improve surgical practices?
Surgical gowns, rubber gloves, masks, and steam sterilization.
What discovery did Wilhelm Roentgen make in 1895?
The discovery of X-rays, allowing doctors to see inside the human body.
What did Pierre and Marie Curie discover in 1898?
The element radium, which became a powerful weapon against cancer.
Who introduced chemotherapy around 1910?
Paul Ehrlich.
What did Sir Alexander Fleming discover in 1928?
The germ-killing power of the mold Penicillium.
What was penicillin’s significance in medicine?
It became the first antibiotic after being isolated by Howard Florey in the early 1940s.
What did Gerhard Domagk discover in 1935?
The ability of sulfa drugs to cure infections in animals.
What advancements in laboratory studies occurred from 1940 to 1961?
Studies of prothrombin time, electrolytes, blood gases, and creatine phosphokinase (CPK).
When was the Salk polio vaccine licensed?
In 1955.
What significant vaccination program did WHO conduct in the 1960s and 1970s?
A program that virtually eliminated smallpox from the world.
When was smallpox eradicated worldwide?
In 1977.
What medical technologies were introduced in the 1970s?
Improvements in cardiac bypass, joint replacement surgery, computed tomography, and whole-body scanners.
What major health issues were identified in 1981?
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).
What was established in 1990 related to genetics?
The Human Genome Project.
What significant discovery was made by NIH-supported scientists in 1994?
The genes responsible for hereditary colon cancer, inherited breast cancer, and common kidney cancer.
What vaccine did the FDA approve in 2006?
The first vaccine for human papilloma virus (HPV).
What are the advantages of minimally invasive or robotic surgeries?
Smaller incisions, shorter recovery time, less scarring, and reduced blood loss.
What was the focus of the 2016 study presented by the National Institute on Aging?
Using a blood test to detect the protein IRS-1 related to Alzheimer’s disease.
What were the initial health care practices in the United States?
Crude folk remedies used by settlers to cope with epidemics, weather, nutritional disorders, and starvation.
What significant report did Abraham Flexner prepare in 1910?
Medical Education in The United States and Canada, also known as the Flexner Report.
What was the first hospital in the United States?
The Pennsylvania Hospital, founded by Benjamin Franklin in 1751.
Who organized the first medical school in the United States?
Surgeon John Morgan at the University of Pennsylvania.
What organization was founded to elevate the standard of medical education in the U.S.?
The American Medical Association (AMA).
In what year was the AMA reorganized as a national organization?
1901.
What did the AMA’s efforts contribute to in the late 1800s?
The establishment of the first state licensing boards.
Who was appointed by President Lincoln to serve in the new Department of Agriculture?
Chemist Charles M. Wetherill.
What was the forerunner to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)?
The Bureau of Chemistry.
What was the Clara Hospital Association started by?
Officers and employees of the Kansas Pacific Railroad in Denver, Colorado.
What was the forerunner to the National Institutes of Health (NIH)?
A one-room laboratory opened by the federal government on Staten Island for disease research.
What was the purpose of the National Medical Association (NMA)?
To represent Black physicians and health professionals in the United States.
What approach to health care did osteopathic physicians adopt?
A ‘whole-person’ approach.
What does the Doctor of Osteopathy (DO) particularly focus on?
The musculoskeletal system.
What was the original name of the American Hospital Association (AHA)?
The Association of Hospital Superintendents.
How many hospitals and health care networks does the AHA currently represent?
Almost 5,000.
True or False: The AHA is committed to health improvement and accountability to the community.
True.
Fill in the blank: The first U.S. hospital was founded in _______.
1751.
Fill in the blank: The AMA’s membership increased from _______ to _______ from 1900 to 1910.
8,000; 70,000.
