Chapter 1

Question 1

What is the scientific study of disease called?

Answer 1

Pathology

Pathology developed during the 1800s.

Question 2

Who believed that understanding disease required close examination of affected body cells?

Answer 2

Rudolf Virchow

Virchow emphasized the importance of cellular examination in understanding diseases.

Question 3

What significant discovery did Crawford Long and William T. G. Morton make in the 1840s?

Answer 3

Ether gas as an anesthetic

They independently discovered that ether could safely put patients to sleep during surgery.

Question 4

By the end of the 1800s, what had researchers discovered regarding infectious diseases?

Answer 4

Bacteria and other microbes responsible for diseases

This included cholera, diphtheria, and tuberculosis.

Question 5

Who invented a method for determining which bacteria cause particular diseases?

Answer 5

Robert Koch

Koch’s method helped to identify germs linked to specific diseases.

Question 6

What theory did Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch establish?

Answer 6

The microbial, or germ, theory of disease

This theory states that certain kinds of microbes cause disease.

Question 7

What did Edward Jenner discover?

Answer 7

A safe method of making people immune to smallpox

Jenner’s discovery led to the first officially recorded vaccination.

Question 8

What did Anton van Leeuwenhoek study using a microscope?

Answer 8

Organisms invisible to the naked eye

He discovered certain microbes that are now known as microorganisms.

Question 9

What did William Harvey prove about blood circulation?

Answer 9

Continuous circulation of blood

Harvey’s work established the understanding of blood flow within a contained system.

Question 10

What key factor did Aselli discover related to cancer?

Answer 10

Lymphatic drainage

This discovery was significant for developing surgical techniques for cancer treatment.

Question 11

True or False: The success of Jenner’s experiment initiated the science of immunology.

Answer 11

True

Jenner’s work on smallpox vaccination laid the foundation for immunology.

Question 12

Fill in the blank: Louis Pasteur proved that certain kinds of microbes cause _______.

Answer 12

disease

Pasteur’s experiments were pivotal in establishing the germ theory.

Question 13

What did hospitals pay little attention to before the mid-1800s?

Answer 13

Cleanliness and hygiene in surgical practices.

Question 14

Who was convinced by Pasteur’s work that germs caused surgical wound infections?

Answer 14

Joseph Lister.

Question 15

What method did Joseph Lister introduce in 1865 to sterilize surgical wounds?

Answer 15

The use of carbolic acid as a disinfectant.

Question 16

What technique replaced Lister’s method for preventing infections?

Answer 16

Aseptic technique, which involves keeping germs away from surgical wounds.

Question 17

What innovations were introduced to improve surgical practices?

Answer 17

Surgical gowns, rubber gloves, masks, and steam sterilization.

Question 18

What discovery did Wilhelm Roentgen make in 1895?

Answer 18

The discovery of X-rays, allowing doctors to see inside the human body.

Question 19

What did Pierre and Marie Curie discover in 1898?

Answer 19

The element radium, which became a powerful weapon against cancer.

Question 20

Who introduced chemotherapy around 1910?

Answer 20

Paul Ehrlich.

Question 21

What did Sir Alexander Fleming discover in 1928?

Answer 21

The germ-killing power of the mold Penicillium.

Question 22

What was penicillin’s significance in medicine?

Answer 22

It became the first antibiotic after being isolated by Howard Florey in the early 1940s.

Question 23

What did Gerhard Domagk discover in 1935?

Answer 23

The ability of sulfa drugs to cure infections in animals.

Question 24

What advancements in laboratory studies occurred from 1940 to 1961?

Answer 24

Studies of prothrombin time, electrolytes, blood gases, and creatine phosphokinase (CPK).

Question 25

When was the Salk polio vaccine licensed?

Answer 25

In 1955.

Question 26

What significant vaccination program did WHO conduct in the 1960s and 1970s?

Answer 26

A program that virtually eliminated smallpox from the world.

Question 27

When was smallpox eradicated worldwide?

Answer 27

In 1977.

Question 28

What medical technologies were introduced in the 1970s?

Answer 28

Improvements in cardiac bypass, joint replacement surgery, computed tomography, and whole-body scanners.

Question 29

What major health issues were identified in 1981?

Answer 29

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).

Question 30

What was established in 1990 related to genetics?

Answer 30

The Human Genome Project.

Question 31

What significant discovery was made by NIH-supported scientists in 1994?

Answer 31

The genes responsible for hereditary colon cancer, inherited breast cancer, and common kidney cancer.

Question 32

What vaccine did the FDA approve in 2006?

Answer 32

The first vaccine for human papilloma virus (HPV).

Question 33

What are the advantages of minimally invasive or robotic surgeries?

Answer 33

Smaller incisions, shorter recovery time, less scarring, and reduced blood loss.

Question 34

What was the focus of the 2016 study presented by the National Institute on Aging?

Answer 34

Using a blood test to detect the protein IRS-1 related to Alzheimer's disease.

Question 35

What were the initial health care practices in the United States?

Answer 35

Crude folk remedies used by settlers to cope with epidemics, weather, nutritional disorders, and starvation.

Question 36

What significant report did Abraham Flexner prepare in 1910?

Answer 36

Medical Education in The United States and Canada, also known as the Flexner Report.

Question 37

What was the first hospital in the United States?

Answer 37

The Pennsylvania Hospital, founded by Benjamin Franklin in 1751.

Question 38

Who organized the first medical school in the United States?

Answer 38

Surgeon John Morgan at the University of Pennsylvania.

Question 39

What organization was founded to elevate the standard of medical education in the U.S.?

Answer 39

The American Medical Association (AMA).

Question 40

In what year was the AMA reorganized as a national organization?

Answer 40

1901.

Question 41

What did the AMA's efforts contribute to in the late 1800s?

Answer 41

The establishment of the first state licensing boards.

Question 42

Who was appointed by President Lincoln to serve in the new Department of Agriculture?

Answer 42

Chemist Charles M. Wetherill.

Question 43

What was the forerunner to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)?

Answer 43

The Bureau of Chemistry.

Question 44

What was the Clara Hospital Association started by?

Answer 44

Officers and employees of the Kansas Pacific Railroad in Denver, Colorado.

Question 45

What was the forerunner to the National Institutes of Health (NIH)?

Answer 45

A one-room laboratory opened by the federal government on Staten Island for disease research.

Question 46

What was the purpose of the National Medical Association (NMA)?

Answer 46

To represent Black physicians and health professionals in the United States.

Question 47

What approach to health care did osteopathic physicians adopt?

Answer 47

A 'whole-person' approach.

Question 48

What does the Doctor of Osteopathy (DO) particularly focus on?

Answer 48

The musculoskeletal system.

Question 49

What was the original name of the American Hospital Association (AHA)?

Answer 49

The Association of Hospital Superintendents.

Question 50

How many hospitals and health care networks does the AHA currently represent?

Answer 50

Almost 5,000.

Question 51

True or False: The AHA is committed to health improvement and accountability to the community.

Answer 51

True.

Question 52

Fill in the blank: The first U.S. hospital was founded in _______.

Answer 52

1751.

Question 53

Fill in the blank: The AMA's membership increased from _______ to _______ from 1900 to 1910.

Answer 53

8,000; 70,000.