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Essentials of Health Information Management 5th edition > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

From chapter 1

1
Q

What is the scientific study of disease called?

A

Pathology

Pathology developed during the 1800s.

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2
Q

Who believed that understanding disease required close examination of affected body cells?

A

Rudolf Virchow

Virchow emphasized the importance of cellular examination in understanding diseases.

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3
Q

What significant discovery did Crawford Long and William T. G. Morton make in the 1840s?

A

Ether gas as an anesthetic

They independently discovered that ether could safely put patients to sleep during surgery.

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4
Q

By the end of the 1800s, what had researchers discovered regarding infectious diseases?

A

Bacteria and other microbes responsible for diseases

This included cholera, diphtheria, and tuberculosis.

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5
Q

Who invented a method for determining which bacteria cause particular diseases?

A

Robert Koch

Koch’s method helped to identify germs linked to specific diseases.

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6
Q

What theory did Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch establish?

A

The microbial, or germ, theory of disease

This theory states that certain kinds of microbes cause disease.

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7
Q

What did Edward Jenner discover?

A

A safe method of making people immune to smallpox

Jenner’s discovery led to the first officially recorded vaccination.

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8
Q

What did Anton van Leeuwenhoek study using a microscope?

A

Organisms invisible to the naked eye

He discovered certain microbes that are now known as microorganisms.

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9
Q

What did William Harvey prove about blood circulation?

A

Continuous circulation of blood

Harvey’s work established the understanding of blood flow within a contained system.

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10
Q

What key factor did Aselli discover related to cancer?

A

Lymphatic drainage

This discovery was significant for developing surgical techniques for cancer treatment.

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11
Q

True or False: The success of Jenner’s experiment initiated the science of immunology.

A

True

Jenner’s work on smallpox vaccination laid the foundation for immunology.

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12
Q

Fill in the blank: Louis Pasteur proved that certain kinds of microbes cause _______.

A

disease

Pasteur’s experiments were pivotal in establishing the germ theory.

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13
Q

What did hospitals pay little attention to before the mid-1800s?

A

Cleanliness and hygiene in surgical practices.

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14
Q

Who was convinced by Pasteur’s work that germs caused surgical wound infections?

A

Joseph Lister.

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15
Q

What method did Joseph Lister introduce in 1865 to sterilize surgical wounds?

A

The use of carbolic acid as a disinfectant.

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16
Q

What technique replaced Lister’s method for preventing infections?

A

Aseptic technique, which involves keeping germs away from surgical wounds.

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17
Q

What innovations were introduced to improve surgical practices?

A

Surgical gowns, rubber gloves, masks, and steam sterilization.

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18
Q

What discovery did Wilhelm Roentgen make in 1895?

A

The discovery of X-rays, allowing doctors to see inside the human body.

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19
Q

What did Pierre and Marie Curie discover in 1898?

A

The element radium, which became a powerful weapon against cancer.

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20
Q

Who introduced chemotherapy around 1910?

A

Paul Ehrlich.

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21
Q

What did Sir Alexander Fleming discover in 1928?

A

The germ-killing power of the mold Penicillium.

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22
Q

What was penicillin’s significance in medicine?

A

It became the first antibiotic after being isolated by Howard Florey in the early 1940s.

23
Q

What did Gerhard Domagk discover in 1935?

A

The ability of sulfa drugs to cure infections in animals.

24
Q

What advancements in laboratory studies occurred from 1940 to 1961?

A

Studies of prothrombin time, electrolytes, blood gases, and creatine phosphokinase (CPK).

25
Q

When was the Salk polio vaccine licensed?

A

In 1955.

26
Q

What significant vaccination program did WHO conduct in the 1960s and 1970s?

A

A program that virtually eliminated smallpox from the world.

27
Q

When was smallpox eradicated worldwide?

A

In 1977.

28
Q

What medical technologies were introduced in the 1970s?

A

Improvements in cardiac bypass, joint replacement surgery, computed tomography, and whole-body scanners.

29
Q

What major health issues were identified in 1981?

A

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).

30
Q

What was established in 1990 related to genetics?

A

The Human Genome Project.

31
Q

What significant discovery was made by NIH-supported scientists in 1994?

A

The genes responsible for hereditary colon cancer, inherited breast cancer, and common kidney cancer.

32
Q

What vaccine did the FDA approve in 2006?

A

The first vaccine for human papilloma virus (HPV).

33
Q

What are the advantages of minimally invasive or robotic surgeries?

A

Smaller incisions, shorter recovery time, less scarring, and reduced blood loss.

34
Q

What was the focus of the 2016 study presented by the National Institute on Aging?

A

Using a blood test to detect the protein IRS-1 related to Alzheimer’s disease.

35
Q

What were the initial health care practices in the United States?

A

Crude folk remedies used by settlers to cope with epidemics, weather, nutritional disorders, and starvation.

36
Q

What significant report did Abraham Flexner prepare in 1910?

A

Medical Education in The United States and Canada, also known as the Flexner Report.

37
Q

What was the first hospital in the United States?

A

The Pennsylvania Hospital, founded by Benjamin Franklin in 1751.

38
Q

Who organized the first medical school in the United States?

A

Surgeon John Morgan at the University of Pennsylvania.

39
Q

What organization was founded to elevate the standard of medical education in the U.S.?

A

The American Medical Association (AMA).

40
Q

In what year was the AMA reorganized as a national organization?

A

1901.

41
Q

What did the AMA’s efforts contribute to in the late 1800s?

A

The establishment of the first state licensing boards.

42
Q

Who was appointed by President Lincoln to serve in the new Department of Agriculture?

A

Chemist Charles M. Wetherill.

43
Q

What was the forerunner to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)?

A

The Bureau of Chemistry.

44
Q

What was the Clara Hospital Association started by?

A

Officers and employees of the Kansas Pacific Railroad in Denver, Colorado.

45
Q

What was the forerunner to the National Institutes of Health (NIH)?

A

A one-room laboratory opened by the federal government on Staten Island for disease research.

46
Q

What was the purpose of the National Medical Association (NMA)?

A

To represent Black physicians and health professionals in the United States.

47
Q

What approach to health care did osteopathic physicians adopt?

A

A ‘whole-person’ approach.

48
Q

What does the Doctor of Osteopathy (DO) particularly focus on?

A

The musculoskeletal system.

49
Q

What was the original name of the American Hospital Association (AHA)?

A

The Association of Hospital Superintendents.

50
Q

How many hospitals and health care networks does the AHA currently represent?

A

Almost 5,000.

51
Q

True or False: The AHA is committed to health improvement and accountability to the community.

A

True.

52
Q

Fill in the blank: The first U.S. hospital was founded in _______.

A

1751.

53
Q

Fill in the blank: The AMA’s membership increased from _______ to _______ from 1900 to 1910.

A

8,000; 70,000.

Essentials of Health Information Management 5th edition (8 decks)

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