Chapter 1

Question 1

division of the anterior
(ventral) cavity that houses the abdominal and
pelvic viscera

Answer 1

abdominopelvic cavity

Question 2

assembly of more complex molecules
from simpler molecules

Answer 2

anabolism

Question 3

standard reference position
used for describing locations and directions on the
human body

Answer 3

anatomical position

Question 4

science that studies the form and
composition of the body’s structures

Answer 4

anatomy

Question 5

describes the front or direction toward the
front of the body; also referred to as ventral

Answer 5

anterior

Question 6

larger body cavity located anterior to
the posterior (dorsal) body cavity; includes the
serous membrane-lined pleural cavities for the
lungs, pericardial cavity for the heart, and peritoneal
cavity for the abdominal and pelvic organs; also
referred to as ventral cavity

Answer 6

anterior cavity

Question 7

breaking down of more complex
molecules into simpler molecules

Answer 7

catabolism

Question 8

describes a position below or lower than
another part of the body proper; near or toward the
tail (in humans, the coccyx, or lowest part of the
spinal column); also referred to as inferior

Answer 8

caudal

Question 9

smallest independently functioning unit
of all organisms; in animals, a cell contains
cytoplasm, composed of fluid and organelles

Answer 9

cell

Question 10

medical imaging
technique in which a computer-enhanced crosssectional
X-ray image is obtained

Answer 10

computed tomography (CT)

Question 11

compares values to their normal
range; deviations cause the activation of an effector

Answer 11

control center

Question 12

describes a position above or higher than
another part of the body proper; also referred to as
superior

Answer 12

cranial

Question 13

division of the posterior (dorsal) cavity
that houses the brain

Answer 13

cranial cavity

Question 14

describes a position farther from the surface of
the body

Answer 14

deep

Question 15

changes an organism goes through
during its life

Answer 15

development

Question 16

process by which unspecialized cells
become specialized in structure and function

Answer 16

differentiation

Question 17

describes a position farther from the point of
attachment or the trunk of the body

Answer 17

distal

Question 18

describes the back or direction toward the
back of the body; also referred to as posterior

Answer 18

dorsal

Question 19

posterior body cavity that houses the
brain and spinal cord; also referred to the posterior
body cavity

Answer 19

dorsal cavity

Question 20

organ that can cause a change in a value

Answer 20

effector

Question 21

two-dimensional, vertical plane that divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior
portions

Answer 21

frontal plane

Question 22

study of the larger structures of the
body, typically with the unaided eye; also referred to
macroscopic anatomy

Answer 22

gross anatomy

Question 23

process of increasing in size

Answer 23

growth

Question 24

steady state of body systems that living
organisms maintain

Answer 24

homeostasis

Question 25

describes a position below or lower than another part of the body proper; near or toward the tail (in humans, the coccyx, or lowest part of the spinal column); also referred to as caudal

Answer 25

inferior

Question 26

describes the side or direction toward the side of the body

Answer 26

lateral

Question 27

medical imaging technique in which a device generates a magnetic field to obtain detailed sectional images of the internal structures of the body

Answer 27

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Question 28

describes the middle or direction toward the middle of the body

Answer 28

medial

Question 29

sum of all of the body’s chemical reactions

Answer 29

metabolism

Question 30

study of very small structures of the body using magnification

Answer 30

microscopic anatomy

Question 31

homeostatic mechanism that tends to stabilize an upset in the body’s physiological condition by preventing an excessive response to a stimulus, typically as the stimulus is removed

Answer 31

negative feedback

Question 32

range of values around the set point that do not cause a reaction by the control center

Answer 32

normal range

Question 33

chemical obtained from foods and beverages that is critical to human survival

Answer 33

nutrient

Question 34

functionally distinct structure composed of two or more types of tissues

Answer 34

organ

Question 35

group of organs that work together to carry out a particular function

Answer 35

organ system

Question 36

living being that has a cellular structure and that can independently perform all physiologic functions necessary for life

Answer 36

organism

Question 37

sac that encloses the heart

Answer 37

pericardium

Question 38

serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity and covers the organs found there

Answer 38

peritoneum

Question 39

science that studies the chemistry, biochemistry, and physics of the body’s functions

Answer 39

physiology

Question 40

imaginary two-dimensional surface that passes through the body

Answer 40

plane

Question 41

serous membrane that lines the pleural cavity and covers the lungs

Answer 41

pleura

Question 42

mechanism that intensifies a change in the body’s physiological condition in response to a stimulus

Answer 42

positive feedback

Question 43

division of the dorsal cavity that houses the spinal cord; also referred to as vertebral cavity

Answer 43

spinal cavity

Question 44

describes a position nearer to the surface of the body

Answer 44

superficial

Question 45

describes a position above or higher than another part of the body proper; also referred to as cranial

Answer 45

superior

Question 46

face up

Answer 46

supine

Question 47

study of the structures that contribute to specific body systems

Answer 47

systemic anatomy

Question 48

division of the anterior (ventral) cavity that houses the heart, lungs, esophagus, and trachea

Answer 48

thoracic cavity

Question 49

group of similar or closely related cells that act together to perform a specific function

Answer 49

tissue

Question 50

two-dimensional, horizontal plane that divides the body or organ into superior and inferior portions

Answer 50

transverse plane

Question 51

application of ultrasonic waves to visualize subcutaneous body structures such as tendons and organs

Answer 51

ultrasonography

Question 52

describes the front or direction toward the front of the body; also referred to as anterior

Answer 52

ventral

Question 53

larger body cavity located anterior to the posterior (dorsal) body cavity; includes the serous membrane-lined pleural cavities for the lungs, pericardial cavity for the heart, and peritoneal cavity for the abdominal and pelvic organs; also referred to as anterior body cavity

Answer 53

ventral cavity

Question 54

form of high energy electromagnetic radiation with a short wavelength capable of penetrating solids and ionizing gases; used in medicine as a diagnostic aid to visualize body structures such as bones

Answer 54

X-ray

Question 55

medical imaging technique in which radiopharmaceuticals are traced to reveal metabolic and physiological functions in tissues

Answer 55

positron emission tomography (PET)

Question 56

describes the back or direction toward the back of the body; also referred to as dorsal

Answer 56

posterior

Question 57

posterior body cavity that houses the brain and spinal cord; also referred to as dorsal cavity

Answer 57

posterior cavity

Question 58

force exerted by a substance in contact with another substance

Answer 58

pressure

Question 59

face down

Answer 59

prone

Question 60

describes a position nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body

Answer 60

proximal

Question 61

study of the structures that contribute to specific body regions

Answer 61

regional anatomy

Question 62

process by which worn-out cells are replaced

Answer 62

renewal

Question 63

process by which new organisms are generated

Answer 63

reproduction

Question 64

ability of an organisms or a system to adjust to changes in conditions

Answer 64

responsiveness

Question 65

two-dimensional, vertical plane that divides the body or organ into right and left sides

Answer 65

sagittal plane

Question 66

in anatomy, a single flat surface of a threedimensional structure that has been cut through

Answer 66

section

Question 67

(also, receptor) reports a monitored physiological value to the control center

Answer 67

sensor

Question 68

membrane that covers organs and reduces friction; also referred to as serous membrane

Answer 68

serosa

Question 69

membrane that covers organs and reduces friction; also referred to as serosa

Answer 69

serous membrane

Question 70

ideal value for a physiological parameter; the level or small range within which a physiological parameter such as blood pressure is stable and optimally healthful, that is, within its parameters of homeostasis

Answer 70

set point