Chapter 1 Flashcards
Cell Membranes Consist of:
Fats, proteins, phospholipids, cholesterol, protein
Functional Proteins of Cellular Membranes:
Ion pumps, Ion Channels, receptors, enzymes
Types of membranes
cell membrane, nuclear membrane, endosplasmic reticulum, mitochondrial, vacuolar, golgi apparatus
How are cells bound together
intercellular junctions
True or false: Cell membranes are semipermeable
True
Name the 3 types of cell communicators
Endocrine Hormones, Paracrine Hormones, Autocrine Hormones
Examples of Diseases from impaired cellular communication
Cholera, hyperthyroidism, myasthenia gravis, certain types of DM
The chemical error in Cholera
Dysfunction in RECEPTOR cells in the small intestine as a result of the cholera bacteria. The bacteria binds to the receptor causing an increased release of adenylate cyclase, causing massive fluid in the intestine, not allowing reabsorption, causing death from tons of diarrhea & vomitting
Treatment of Cholera
Fluid replacement & tetracycline
Characteristics of Graves disease
Enlarged thyroid and massive overproduction of hormones
Chemical Error in Graves disease
throid gland is driven by antibody of unknown origin vs. natural hormone.
Chemical Error in Familial Hypercholesterolemia
Inherited disease. Patients either have inability to produce enough LDL, or are homozygous & have no LDL production. Causes early CAD in childhood/adolescence
Diabetes & Insulin
Reduced amount of receptors on cells of several different types of tissues. Obesity plays a large role in the decreased amounts of receptors.
Chemical errors & depression
functional deficiency in norepinephrine & serotonin
Chemical Errors & schizophrenia
excessive activity of dopamine in nerve pathways
Common Neurological Diseases & Neurotransmitter dysfunction
Parkinson’s & Huntington’s Chorea
How do cells communicate with one another
By releasing mediators
How are cell messages picked up?
By Receptors, which relay the message to the structures within the cell
What happens when the mediator is a steroid hormone
information is normally directed to the nucleus, for the synthesis of a new proteins (change takes time though)
What happens when the mediator (cell message) is a peptide hormone or catecholamine
leads to the modification of previously assembled proteins (change can be quick)
T/F: Hydrophilic chemical mediators can diffuse across the cell membrane
No, their receptors are on the cell membrane
T/F Hydrophobic mediators receptors are on the cell membrane
False: the mediator can go through the semi permeable cell membrane.
Changes in the cell membrane relate to:
Malignant neoplasia: changing the glycolipid & glycoprotein structures: damaging cell communication
Cellular Adhesions & Tumors
Tight junctions retained & gap junctions are reduced or absent (this is the opposite for normal adhesions)
Why do Tumor Cells continue to overproduce?
Because their cellular communication has been damaged & they have lost their ability to send/receive info to stop producing like normal cells.
Define what “poorly undifferentiated or poorly differentiated” means
Anaplastic. Barely resembles the original tissue. When this occurs, there is a high chance of malignancy
Characteristics of a benign tumor
Cell looks similar to the original edges are smooth compresses slow growth slight vascularity seldomly recur necrosis unusual minimal systemic responses
Characteristics of a malignant tumor
Not similar to original cell irregular edges invading rapid growth moderate to high vascularity frequently recur necrosis common systemic effect is common
Pleomorphic
Cells & nuclei vary in shape & size
Abnormal Mitosis
products of cell division often result in abnormal cells with high rate of cell death
Non encapsulated
invades surrounding tissue and does not compress as does benign tumor
Typical Tumor
has doubled in size 30 times before it becomes clinically observed
Tumors that have a doubling of 40 times
Often fatal to its host
anorexia-cachexia syndrome
If the host is nutritionally deprived, the tumor growth may slow because the tumor takes nutrients from the host
Five Stages of Metastasis
Invasion Cell detachment Dissemination Arrest and establishment proliferation
Clinical Manifestation of Neoplasms
If in a small space like cranium: very small tumor can cause major sensory & motor symptoms
Clinical Manifestation of Neoplasms in Body
A tumor can compress surrounding organs and tissues, causing symptoms of decreased blood supply, interference with function, and mobilization of compensatory and immune responses
Paraneoplastic Syndromes
Symptoms reflect system-wide alterations in body processes: nausea, malaise, weight loss, anemia, infection
Staging & TNM Systems
T=tumor and its extent
N=lymph node involvement
M=distant metastasis
