CHAPTER 1 Flashcards
what % of water makes up adult man body weight
60%
what % of water makes up adult woman body weight
50%
what % of water makes up neonate body weight
70%
body fluids are divided depending on their location relative to
the cell membrane
where is interstitial fluid
spaces between cells
plasma is in dynamic equilibrium with
the interstitial fluid through pores in the capillaries
the interstitial fid serves as a reservoir for
where water and electrolytes can be mobilized into the circulation
normal daily intake of water (drinks & internal product of food metabolism) by an adult is
average 2.5L with 1.5L excreted as urine, 100mL lost in sweat, & 100mL in feces
what is the average blood volume of an adult
5L (3L of plasma & 2L of erythrocytes) which varies with age, weight, and gender
how does blood volume vary in nonobese individuals
direct proportion to the body weight, avg about 70 mL/kg for lean men & women
what happens to the blood volume in those with a greater ratio of fat to body weight
> fat to body weight = the < the blood volume in mL to kg because adipose tissue has a decreased vascular supply
total body water % in men from ages 18-40
61%
total body water % in women from ages 18-40
51%
total body water % in men from ages 40-60
55%
total body water % in women ages from 40-60
47%
total body water % in men >60 yrs
52%
total body water % in women >60%
46%
normal hct for men & postmenopausal women
about 45%
normal hct for menstruating woman
+- 5% from 45%
an unequal distribution of ions results in
establishment of a potential (voltage) difference across cell membranes
what regulates the constituents of extracellular fluid
the kidneys
why are extracellular fluid constituents regulated
so that cells are bathed in a fluid containing the proper concentrations of electrolytes and nutrients
what factors is most associated with the progressive loss of potassium through the kidneys following trauma?
Increased secretion of vasopressin and nasogastric suctioning
osmosis is the movement of..
water (solvent molecules) across a semipermeable membrane from an area where the nondiffusible solute (ion) concentration is lower to an area where the solute concentration is higher
what type of solution is 5% glucose in water initially
isotonic
what type of solution is 5% glucose in water after it’s metabolized
hypotonic
what solution is LR + 5% glucose in water initially
hypertonic (560 mOsm/L)
what type of solution is LR + 5% glucose in water after its metabolized
less hypertonic
what % of body weight is blood plasma
5%
what % of body weight is interstitial fluid
15%
what % of body weight is intercellular fluid
40%
what % of body fluid is extracellular fluid
20%
what is osmotic pressure
the pressure that
would have to be applied to prevent continued movement of water
molecules
After 20 to 30 minutes, an estimated 75% to 80% of __________ will have
distributed outside the confines of the circulation, thus limiting the efficacy of these solutions in treating hypovolemia (ability of crystalloids to restore perfusion in the microcir-
culation is doubtful)
an isotonic saline or lactate-containing solution
these ways of water loss are associated with an initial deficit in extracellular fluid volume
gastrointestinal, renal, or diaphoresis (excessive sweating)
the ratio of extracellular to intercellular fluid is ______, in infants to adults so dehydration develops more ____ and is more severe in the young
greater; rapidly
clinical signs of dehydration are likely when about _____ of total body fluids have been lost in a brief time period
5-10%
Physiologic mechanisms can usually compensate for acute loss of _____ of the intravascular fluid
volume.
15-25%
of the 100 trillion+ cells in the body, how many are RBCs
about 25 trillion
the lipid bilayer that surrounds a cell acts as a permeability barrier that…..
allows the cell to maintain a cytoplasmic composition different from the extracellular fluid
Lipid bilayers are nearly impermeable to
water-soluble substances such as ions and glucose
what substances readily cross cell membranes
fat-soluble substances (steroids) and gases
what 3 substances move through cell membranes by diffusion through the lipid bilayer
oxygen, carbon dioxide, & nitrogen
what 2 methods transfer molecules such as nutrients across cell membranes without the molecule
actually passing through the cell membrane
endocytosis and exocytosis
the process that requires calcium ions & resembles endocytosis in reverse. neurotransmitters are ejected from cells this way
exocytosis
what are the 3 phospholipids in cell membrane composition
- Lecithins (phosphatidylcholines)
- Sphingomyelins
- Amino phospholipids (phosphatidylethanolamine)
what 5 proteins are in cell membrane composition
- Structural proteins (microtubules)
- Transport proteins (sodium–potassium ATPase)
- Ion channels
- Receptors
- Enzymes (adenylate cyclase)
what is sodium-potassium ATPase (sodium-potassium pump)
is an ATP-dependent sodium and potassium transporter on the cell membrane that ejects three
sodium ions from the cell in exchange for the import of
two potassium ions
transmembrane proteins that generate electrical signals in the brain, nerves, heart, and skeletal
muscles are…….
ion channels
ingestion of solid particles
phagocytosis
ingestion of dissolved particles
pinocytosis
what is the name of the enzyme that is present in all cells that catalyzes the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
Sodium–potassium adenosine triphosphatase
if this protein ion channel is defective it leads to cystic fibrosis
chloride channel defects
what protein ion channels are defective in long Q-T interval syndrome
mutant potassium or less common are sodium channels
how many chromosomes make up the nucleus
46
how many chromosome make up the nucleus of an egg cell
23
the sequence of nucleotides determine
the genetic message
human genome is made up of how many genes
20,000 - 25,000 genes
protein encoding genes account for only how much of our DNA
1-2%
cytoplasm contains these 7 things
water, electrolytes, proteins, enzymes, lipids, carbohydrates, & other numerous organelles
the power-generating units of cells containing both the enzymes and substrates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (Krebs cycle) and the electron transport chain
mitochondria
what is the endoplasmic reticulum
a complex lipid bilayer that folds & creates vesicles in the cytoplasm
what is the membrane that contains ribosomes
rough endoplasmic reticulum
what part of the membrane lacks ribosomes
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
what are the 5 major types of protein ion channels
calcium, sodium, nonselective, chloride, & potassium
which way do calcium and sodium ions flow
into the cells
which way do potassium ions flow
outward of cells
flow of ions through channels determines….
the transmembrane potential of cells
this membrane functions in the synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbs, and other enzymatic processes
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
what is found in muscle cells, where it serves as a reservoir for calcium
sarcoplasmic reticulum
