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N301 - Binary > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

0
Q

What is an algorithm?

A

A well-ordered collection of unambiguous and effectively computable operations that, when executed, produces a result and halts in a finite amount of time

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1
Q

Computer science is:

A

The study of algorithms, including:

  1. Their formal and mathematical properties
  2. Their hardware realizations
  3. Their linguistic realizations
  4. Their applications
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2
Q

Sequential operations

A

A sequential instruction carries out a single well-defined task. When that task is finished, the algorithm moves on to the next operation. Usually expressed as single declarative sentences

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3
Q

Conditional operations

A

“Question-asking” instructions of an algorithm. Starts with “if”

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4
Q

Iterative operations

A

Looping instructions of an algorithm

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5
Q

First commercial machine and when

A

UNIVAC I, 1951

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6
Q

First high-level programming language and when

A

FORTRAN, 1957

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7
Q

ACM stands for_______ and was established in ____

A

Association for Computing Machinery, 1947.

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8
Q

What is Al-Khowarizmi known for?

A

In 825AD, he wrote a book about the base 10 positional numbering system that had been developed in India.

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9
Q

Computing agent

A

In computer science terminology, the machine, robot, person, or thing carrying out the steps of an algorithm

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10
Q

Unambiguous operation

A

An operation that can be understood and carried out directly by the computing agent without further simplification or explanation

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11
Q

Primitive

A

When an operation is unambiguous. Algorithms are made up of primitives.

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12
Q

Effectively computable

A

The formal term for whether an operation is “doable”

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13
Q

Who invented logarithms and when?

A

John Napier, 1672

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14
Q

When was the slide rule developed?

A

1622

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15
Q

Who invented the first mechanical calculator, what was it called, and when?

A

Blaise Pascal, Pascaline, in 1672

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16
Q

Who invented the mechanical calculator which could add, subtract, multiply, and divide? What was it called? When?

A

Gottfried Leibniz, leibniz wheel, 1674

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17
Q

What are the two qualifications of a computer?

A

Memory and programmable

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18
Q

Who automated the weaving process, using what, and when?

A

Frenchman Joseph Jacquard, using the Jacquard Loom, in 1801

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19
Q

Who were the Luddites?

A

The Luddites, named after their leader Ned Ludd, formed in 1811 as a result of the new manufacturing technology. They burned down the factories of any attempting to use the new technology

20
Q

Why was Jaquard’s Loom so important?

A

It was the first programmable device, and it hired how the knowledge of a human expert could be captured in machine-readable form and used to control a machine that accomplished the same task automatically

21
Q

What was the Difference Engine, who created it, and when?

A

The difference engine could do addition, sub, mult, div to six significant digits, and could solve polynomial equations and other complex mathematical problems. Created by Charles Babbage in 1823

22
Q

What was Babbage’s equivalent to the modern-day computer?

A

The Analytic Engine

Mill = arithmetic/logic unit
Store = memory
Operator = processor
Output unit = input/output

23
Q

What is Herman Hollerith known for?

A

He created a keypunch machine to speed up the process of the 1890 census. He also founded the Computer Tabulating Recording Company to build and sell these machines. The Keypunch was the dominant form of data-processing during the first half of the 20th century, well into the 1950s and 1960s. His company changed its name to IBM in 1924

24
Q

Who helped Babbage attempt to create the Analytic Engine?

A

Lady Lovelace

25
Q

When was the birth of computers and what major event triggered it?

A

1940-50, WWII

26
Q

Beginning in ____, the _____ and ___ jointly funded a project at Harvard University under _____________ to build a computing device called _____.

A

1931, us navy and IBM, Prof Howard Aiken, Mark I

27
Q

What was the Mark I?

A

General purpose, electromechanical programmable computer that used a mix of relays, magnets, and gears to process and store data. The Mark I was the first computing device to use the base-2 binary numbering system

28
Q

What does ENIAC stand for?

A

Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator

29
Q

Why was the ENIAC developed?

A

To help the US army speed up the analyzation of trajectory for their artillery during WWII.

30
Q

Who created the ENIAC?

A

J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly of U of Pennsylvania in 1943

31
Q

Specs of the ENIAC?

A

18,000 vacuum tubes
100 ft long
10 feet high
30 tons
Could add two 10-digit numbers in 1/5000 of a second.
Could multiply two numbers in 1/300 second

32
Q

What was the name of the machine that cracked the Nazi’s German Enigma code? Who build it?

A

The Colossus, Alan Turing in 1943 in England

33
Q

Stored Program Computer

A

Von Neumann’s new concept for a computer that stored instructions which could be reprogrammed (1946)

34
Q

What was the first commercial computer called?

A

UNIVAC I 1951

35
Q

First generation of computing:

A

1950-1957
UNIVAC I, first computer built for sale, IMB 701
Vacuum tubes for processing and storage
Large, expensive, delicate
Required trained users and special environments
Used by military, univeristies, large corporations

36
Q

Second gen computers:

A

1957-1965
Vacuum tube replaced by single transistor, memory constructed using tiny magnetic cores
FORTRAN, COBOL
Occuparion of programmer was born

37
Q

Third gen computing:

A 
1965-1975
Integrated circuit
First minicomputer called PDP-1 by the digital equipment corp
Desk-sized, not room-sized
Birth or the software industry
38
Q

Forth gen computing:

A 
1975-1985
Microcomputer - Altair 8800, 1975
Complete computer system could be contained on a single circuit board that you could hold in your hand
Desktop-sized 
Computer networks
Electronic mail
User friendly systems
Embedded systems
GUIs
39
Q

How did Ed Roberts get his start? What (now) major company contacted him?

A

Roberts made the first microcomputer called the Altair 8800, intending to sell the new Intel 8080 as a kit for people to buy. It was incredibly popular, and eventually, a small software company called Microsoft contacted him to say they had a BASIC compiler that could run on his Altair, making it much easier to use

40
Q

Fifth gen computers:

A 
1985-present
Parallel processors
Smartphones, tablets, etc
Hi-res graphics
Wireless communication
Massive storage
Ubiquitous computing
41
Q

Virtual machine/environment

A

Composed only of the resources that the user perceives rather than of all the hardware resources that actually exist

42
Q

Dark ages were when to when

A

5th to 15th centuries

43
Q

Lady Lovelace was a…

A

Countess

44
Q

Lady Lovelace was known as first…

A

Computer programmer

45
Q

Turing test:

A

A method by which to test artificial intelligence

46
Q

Z1 used for…

A

would have been used in WWII if Konrad Zuse had completed it in time

47
Q

Research group at the university of Pennsylvania built one of the first stored program computers…

A

Called EDVAC in 1951

N301 - Binary (1 decks)

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