Chapter-1

Question 1

How is an igneous rock formed?

Answer 1

When molten rock from the crust and upper mantle cools,
igneous rocks are formed.

Question 2

How is a sedimentary rock formed?

Answer 2

Sedimentary rocks form when rock undergoes erosion or weathering, and particles are deposited in water bodies like seas or riverbeds. These sediments settle in layers and, over time, become compacted under pressure, forming sedimentary rock.

Question 3

What is a rock?

Answer 3

Rock is a combination of one or more minerals.

Question 4

What are minerals?

Answer 4

Minerals are a naturally occurring inorganic substance with a specific chemical composition

Question 5

What is an igneous rock?

Answer 5

An igneous rock is a rock made during a volcanic process.

Question 6

What is magma?

Answer 6

Magma is the molten rock below the surface of the Earth.

Question 7

What is a solution?

Answer 7

A solution is formed when a solid is dissolved in a liquid.

Question 8

What are precipitates?

Answer 8

Precipitates are when a substance comes out of solution

Question 9

What is an ion?

Answer 9

Ion is an atom in which the number of positively charged protons is not equal to the number of negatively charged electrons.

Question 10

What is a sedimentary rock?

Answer 10

Sedimentary rock is a rock formed from material derived from the weathering of other rocks or the accumulation of dead plants and animals.

Question 11

How are metamorphic rocks formed?

Answer 11

Metamorphic rocks form when heat (above 150°C), pressure (above 1.5 × 10⁸ Pa or 1480 atm), or both cause changes in the rock crystals without melting them, resulting in chemical or physical structural changes.

Question 12

What is a metamorphic rock?

Answer 12

A metamorphic rock is a rock formed from existing rocks by a
combination of heat and pressure.

Question 13

What is the rock cycle?

Answer 13

The rock cycle is a representation of the changes between the three rock types and the processes causing them.

Question 14

What is an ore?

Answer 14

An is a rock with enough of an important element to make it
worth mining.

Question 15

What is prospecting?

Answer 15

Prospecting is the process of searching for minerals.

Question 16

What is remote sensing?

Answer 16

Remote sensing is the process in which information is gathered
about the Earth’s surface from above.

Question 17

What is geochemical?

Answer 17

Geochemical is the chemical properties of rocks.

Question 18

What are the methods of extraction?

Answer 18

There are two main types of mining. Surface mining
includes open-cast, open-pit, open-cut and strip mining.
Sub-surface mining includes deep and shaft mining.

Question 18

What is overburden?

Answer 18

Overburden is the rock and soil overlying an economically
viable mineral deposit.

Question 19

What is geophysical?

Answer 19

Geophysical is the physical properties of rocks.

Question 19

What is surface mining?

Answer 19

Surface mining is a type of mining used when the mineral
is either exposed on the surface or overlain by only small amounts of overburden.

Question 20

What is open-pit mining?

Answer 20

Open-pit mining is a type of surface mining.

Question 21

What is strip-mining?

Answer 21

Strip-mining is a type of surface mining.

Question 22

What is sub-surface mining?

Answer 22

Sub-surface mining is a type of mining used when the deposit
is covered by a deep layer(s) of unwanted rock.

Question 22

What is deep mining?

Answer 22

Deep mining is a type of sub-surface mining.

Question 23

What is shaft mining?

Answer 23

Shaft mining is a type of sub-surface mining.

Question 24

What is open-cast mining?

Answer 24

Open-cast mining is a type of sub-surface mining.

Question 25

What is open-cut mining?

Answer 25

Open-cut mining is a type of surface mining.

Question 26

What is adit?

Answer 26

Adit is the entrance to a horizontal (drift) mine.

Question 27

What are the factors affecting the viability of extraction of minerals?

Answer 27

* the costs of exploration and extraction * geology * climate * accessibility * the environmental impact * supply and demand.

Question 27

What is a strike rate?

Answer 27

A strike rate is the the frequency with which attempts to find a desired mineral are successful.

Question 28

What is supply and demand?

Answer 28

Supply and demand are the relationship between how much of a commodity is available and how much is needed or wanted by consumers of the product.

Question 29

What is environmental impact assesment?

Answer 29

Environmental impact assesment is a process by which the probable effects on the environment of a development are assessed and measured.

Question 29

What is biomagnification?

Answer 29

Biomagnification is the process in which the concentration of a substance in living things becomes higher at progressively higher levels in a food chain or web.

Question 30

What are the impacts of rock and mineral extraction?

Answer 30

1) Environmental impacts 2) Ecological impacts 3) Pollution

Question 30

How to manage the impact of rock and mineral extraction?

Answer 30

1) Safe disposal of mining waste

Question 30

What is Bioremediation?

Answer 30

Bioremediation is a process in which living things are used to remove toxic chemicals from a natural site.

Question 31

How can rocks and minerals be used sustainably?

Answer 31

1) Efficiency of use and recycling 2) Efficiency of extraction

Question 32

Describe the rock cycle.

Answer 32

1) Weathering and erosion break off surface rock fragments. 2) The eroded rock is transported. 3) The fragments build up in layers, compacting into sedimentary rock. 4) Sedimentary and igneous rocks, under heat and pressure, form metamorphic rocks. 5) Rocks melt at high temperatures to form magma. 6)Magma cools into igneous rock. 7) Earth's movements raise rocks to the surface through uplift.