Chapter 1 Flashcards
True or False: There is still no universal agreement about what is meant by abnormality or disorder.
True
What are the seven indicators of abnormality?
- Subjective distress
- Maladaptiveness
- Statistical deviancy
- Violation of the standards of society.
- Social discomfort.
- Irrationality and unpredictability.
- Dangerousness
Describe subjective distress?
People who suffer or experience psychological pain.
Describe maladaptive behaviour?
Interfers with out well being and with our ability to enjoy our work and our relationships.
Describe statistical deviancy?
Something that is statistically rare.
Describe violation of the standards of society?
When people fail to follow the conventional social and moral rules of their cultural group.
Describe social discomfort?
The violation of an impicit or unwritten social rule that creates discomfort or unease.
What is the manual for various types of mental disorders as accepted by the American Psychiatric Association?
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorder.
The world health organization produces this manual for diseases?
International classification of diseases.
The vast majority of people have not climbed to the peak of mount Everest. Those who have represent a very small portion of the total population, but they would not be labeled as abnormal for having done so. This demonstrates the pitfall of using ___________ as a long criterion of abnormality.
Statistical deviancy.
The current version of the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, _____________, was published in 2013.
DSM-5
What is meant by the statement that the development of the most recent version of the DSM was baded on some contradictory themes?
The process sought to maintain continuity with the previous edition while also placing no limits on the changes that were needed.
A formalize naming system.
Nomenclature.
What does nomenclature give to researchers.
A common language and shorthand terms.
This gives us more information and facilitates greater understanding, not only about what causes various disorder byt also how they might best be treated.
Classification facilitates research.
This is what is considered to be pathological and established the range of problems that the mental health profession can address.
Defining the domain.
Using any form of shorthand leads to a ____________________.
Loss of information.
Negative labeling.
Stigma
The tendency to jump to conclusion (often negative) about what a person is like based on the beliefs about that group that exists (often incorrectly) in the culture.
Stereotyping.
Assigning a person to a particular diagnostic category, such a schizophrenia.
Labeling.
Diagnostic classification systems do not classify people. Rather they ____________________________.
Classify the disorder people have.
At its most fundamental level, the classification of mental disorders gives us a __________________, which provide(s) clinicians with a common language and shorthand terms for complex clinical situations.
Nomenclature.
Automatic beliefs concerning other people that we learn as we grow up in a given culture are called ______________.
Stereotypes.
Goodwin (2014) analyzed 55 horror movies made between 20000 and 2012 and found that murderers are most often people who are depicted as suffering from __________________.
Psychosis.
An anxiety disorder that is quite prevalent in japan.
Taijin Kyofusho.
Often seen in people of latino descent, this is triggered by stressful life events such as divorce or bereavement and includes crying, trembling, and uncontrollable screaming.
Ataque de nervios.
A person who goes to a therapist and describes themselves as being depressed would most likely be from which culture?
European American.
José’s father, Bastian, immigrated to America from the Caribbean ten years ago. Two months ago, Bastian’s wife died after a lengthy battle with cancer. Bastian has recently been displaying crying fits, seizure-like episodes and, at times, aggressive behaviors. Medical professionals have been unable to identify a physical cause for Bastian’s stress. Caribbean family members suspect that Bastian is suffering from __________.
Ataque do nervios.
Study of the distribution of diseases, disorders, or health-related behaviours in a given population.
Epidemiology.
In a population, the proportion of active cases of a disorder that can be identified at agiven point in time or during a given period.
Prevalence.
The number of cases of a specific condition or disorder that can be found in a population at one given point in time.
Point prevelance.
The total number of cases of a health related state or condition in a population for a given year.
1 year prevalence.
The proportion of livining persons in a population who have ever had a disorder up to the time of the epidemiological assessment.
Lifetime prevalance.
Occurrence (onset) rate of a given disorder in a given population.
Incidence.
This is the most comprehensive source of prevelance estimates for adults in the United States diagnoesed with mental disorders.
National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R)
Occurrence of two or more identified disorders in the same psychologically disordered individual.
Comorbidity.
The term ____________________ refers to the number of active cases of a given condition or disorder that occurs during a given period of time.
Prevalence.
Why are there no comprehensive lifetime prevalance data regarding diagnosis of disorders as spelled out in the DSM-5?
The manual has not been in use long enough to gather those data.
According to the National comorbidity survery replication (NCS-R), which category of psychological disorders is the most common?
Anxiety disorders.
What is meant by data indicating that anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, and substance use disorder together account for 184 million DALY’s?
These disorders result in the loss of 184 million years of otherwise “healthy” life.
Term used to describe a disorder of a sudden onset, usually with intense symptoms.
Acute.
Term used to describe a long standing or frequently recurring disorder, often with progressing seriousness.
Chronic.
Factors that are related to the development (or cause) of a particular disorder.
Etiology.
Research protects investigators from their own _________ in perception and inference.
Biases.
Research ________________ refers to the scientific processes and procedures we use to conduct research.
Methodology.
A clinical disorder that lasts a long time would be called a _____________ condition.
Chronic
Etiology is concerned with the study of the _______________ of behaviour.
Causes.
While a(n) _____________ condition is somewhat short in duration, a(n) _________ condition lasts for a longer period of time.
Acute; Chronic.
What is a main reason why our understanding of mental disorders has grown so much over time?
The methodologies used to study these conditions are constantly expanding and improving.
Which of the following statements best reflects Kazdin’s quote about research methodology?
Research methodology is an approach toward problem solving, thinking, and acquiring knowledge.
An in depth examination of an individual or family that draws from a number of data sources, including interviews and psychological testing.
Case study.
Observer bias occurs when the researcher has preconceived ideas and expectations that influence the observations he or she makes in the research study.
Bias.
The extent to which the findiings from a single study can be used to draw conclusions about other samples.
Generalizability.
Data collected directly from participants, typically by means of interviews and questionnaires.
Self report data.
Method of collecting research data that involves directly observing behaviour in a given situation.
Direct observation.
Why are case studies subject to the effects of bias?
The writer of the case study selects what information to include and omit.
One of the problems with case study research is the issue of ______________, or the extent to which findigins in that one study can be used to draw conclusions about other, similiar cases.
Generalizability.
Theresa, a developmental psychologist, is studying nurturing play among preschool girls. She has been trained in observing certain nurturing behaviors in young girls. Theresa observes girls playing on their preschool playground and records the number of times the girls hug, hold hands, and wave at each other. This type of observation is called __________.
Direct observation
Statement or proposition, usually based on observation, that is tested in an experiment; may be refuted or supported by experimental results but can never be conclusively proved.
Hypothesis.
Research in abnormal psychology is not concerned with gaining enhanced understanding and, where possible, control of abnormal behaviour. True or False.
False, it is concerned with it.
The process of selecting a representative subgroup from a defined population of interest.
Sampling.
The extent to which the findings from a single study are relevant to other populations, contexts, or times.
External validity.
The extent to which a study is free of confounds, is methodologically sound, and allows the researcher to have confidence in the findings.
Internal validity.
Group of subjects who do not exhibit the disorder being studied but who are comparable in all other respects to the criterion group. Also, a comparison group of subjects who do not receive a condition or treatment the effects of which are being studied.
Comparison or control group.
Group of subjects who exhibit the disorder under study,.
Criterion group.
What distinguished scientific hypotheses from everday vague speculation?
Scientists attempt to test their hypothese with appropriate methodologies.
Dr. Ray has just conducted a study examining suicidal thoughts and behaviors among non-heterosexual teenagers. He is very confident that the results of his study are accurate. Dr. Ray would thus say that his study has high __________.
Internal validity.
What is the difference between a comparison group and a criterion group in abnormal psychology research?
The comparison group consists of people who do not exhibit the disorder being studied, while people in the criterion group do.
A researhc strategy that examines whether and how variables go together (co vary) without manipulating (changing) any variables.
Correlational research.
A relationship between two variables such that a high score on one variable is associated with a high score on another variable.
Positive correlation.
A relationship between two variables such that a high score on one variable is associated with a low score on another variable.
Negative correlation.
The tendency of two variables to change together. With positive correlation, as on variable goes up, so does the other; with negative correlation, one variable goes up as the other goes down.
Correlation.
A statistic that ranges from +1.0 to -1.0 and refelcts the degree of association between two variables. The magnitude of the correlation indicates the strength of the association, and the sign indiciates whether the correlation is positive or negative.
Correlation coefficient.
A measure of the probability that a research finding could have occurred by chance alone.
Statistical significance.
A statistical term referring to the strength of the relationship between two variables in a statistical population.
Effect size.
An effect size of zero means….
There is no association between the variables.
A statistical method used to combine the results of a number of similiar research stduies. The data from each study are transofmed into a common metric called the effect size. This allows the data from the various studied to be combined and then analyzed.
Meta analysis.
Refers to the problem of making causal inferences in correlational research, where the correlation between two variables could be due to their shared correlation with an unmeasured third variable.
Third variable problem.
Research approach that attempts to retrace earlier events in the life og a subject.
Retrospective research.
Method that often focuses on individuals who have a higher than average likelihood of becoming psychologically disordered before abnormal behaviour is observed.
Prospective research.
A research design in which people are followed over time.
Longitudinal design.
When someone says that the findings of a given study are statistically significant, what are you being told
The study’s findings were rather unlikely to have occurred by chance.
Why is a meta analysis a better way to summarize research findingins that a standard literature review?
The meta analysis uses effect sized from many different research studied.
Courtney recently learned about a correlational study that revealed that 40 percent of persons diagnosed with schizophrenia are also left-handed. What can be assumed about schizophrenia and left-handedness on the basis of this information?
A positive correlational relationship exists between being diagnosed with schizophrenia and being left handed.
When we find sstrong positive or negative associations between variables, correlational research does not allow us to draw any conclusions about directionality. (Does variable A cause B, or does B cause A?) What is this problem called?
Direction of effect problem.
Research the involves the manipulation of a given factor or variable with everything else held constant.
Experimental research.
Factor whose effects are being examined and which is manipulated in same way, while other variables are held constant.
Independent variable.
In an experiment, the factor that is observed to change with changes in the manipulated (independent) variables.
Dependent variable.
A procedure used to create equivalant groups in which every research participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any group in the study.
Random assignment.
In certain cases, an alternative research design may be called for in which two (or more) treatments are compared in differing yet comparable groups. What is this method termed?
Standard treatment comparison study.
Often used in studies in examining drug treatment effefcts, a condition where neither the subject not the experimenter has knowledge about what specifical experimental condition (or drug) the subject is receiving.
Double blind study.
An inert pill or otherwise neautral intervention that procudecs desirable therapeutic effects because of the subjects expectations that it will be beneficial.
Placebo treatment.
An experimental research design (eg. an ABAB design) that involved only one subject.
Single case research design .
An experimental design, often involving a single subject, wherein a baseline period (A) is followed by a treatment (B). To confirm that the treatment resulted in a change in behaviour, the treatment is then withdrawn (A) and reinstated (B).
ABAB design.
Studied in which a researcher attempts to emulate the conditions hypothesized as leading to abnormality.
Analogue studies.
Anb experimental research, a phenomenon that is observed - the outcome variable of interest - is called the _____________ variable.
Dependent.
Why does exerpiemtnal research allow for conclusions about cause and effect relationships between variables.
There is manipulation of one variable and then observation of how another variable is affected.
An experimenter wants to make sure that all of her participant groups are as similar as possible before the intervention being researched is applied. She takes her pool of participants and divides them into four different groups, making sure that each person has the same chance of being placed in any of those groups. What is the name for the procedure used to keep these groups approximately equivalent?
Random assignment.
What is the central feature of a single case research design that employs the experimental method?
The same individual is studied over time, perhaps before and after a specific treatment has been applied.
A(n) __________ study uses an approximation of a given topic as the central focus of the research. This might involve using animals and then generalizing from their behaviors to those that may be seen in human beings.
Analogue
Prior to 1974, hgomosexuality was included in the DSM and classified as a mental disorder. The removal of homosexuality from the DSM is an example of ________________.
How social and cultural shifts affect how we define abnormality.
During his abnormal psychology class exam, Peter began to pound the desk and make loud quacking noises. His classmates cast worried glances at the professor as Peter continued to quack and pound the desk. Which of the indicators of abnormality presented in your text best represents Peter’s behaviors?
Irrationality and unpredicability.
How has the effort to educate the public to the fact that mental illness is a neurological disorder impacted the amount of stigma associated with the diagnosis?
BEing more aware of the origins of mental illness does not reduce the stigma associated with mental illness.
Which groups are least likely to seek out mental health treatment as the result of perceived stigma?
Younger people, men, and ethnic minorities.
Some forms of psychopathology are culture-bound. For example, in Japan, an anxiety disorder called __________ involves a marked fear that one’s body, body parts, or body functions may offend or embarrass others.
Taijin Kyofusho
In epidemiological work, the number of new cases that occur over a given period of time is called __________.
Incidence
Dr. Lopez wants to study the prevalence of schizophrenia with the population living in the south side of Chicago. He plans to count the number of persons diagnosed with schizophrenia that are living there on February 1. Individuals diagnosed before or after February 1 will not be included in the count. This method of evaluating the prevalence of persons diagnosed with schizophrenia in the south side population is called a __________.
Point prevalance.
Dante is interested in understanding the causes of autism spectrum disorder. In other words, he is interested in studying the __________ of autism spectrum disorder.
Etiology.
__________ is a method for studying the brain that involves generating a magnetic field on the surface of the head and stimulating underlying brain tissue.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
__________ refers to the extent to which one can generalize the research results obtained from the sample population to other populations.
External validity.
Dr. Ratzinger has hypothesized that thimerosal vaccines cause autism spectrum disorder (ASD). He compares a group of children who received the thimerosal vaccine and have been diagnosed with ASD to a group of children who received the thimerosal but do not have a diagnosis of ASD. The group of children with diagnosis of ASD is referred to as the __________ group; the group of children that does not have the diagnosis is referred to as the __________ group.
Criterion, comparison.
The stregnth of a correlation is measured by ____________.
A correlation coefficient, which is denoted by the symbol r.
Professor Gonzalez studied the relationship between breast milk versus formula feeding during infancy to children’s IQ at age 7 using a population of 100 children. Professor Gonzalez found that children who had been breastfed during infancy had significantly higher IQ scores compared to those who had been formula fed. Professor Patel repeated Gonzalez’s research using 200 children in his study and found no significant differences in IQ scores between those children who had been breast versus formula fed during infancy. What concept could explain the marked differences in results of the two researchers?
Effect size.
The rationale for providing a return to baseline during the second A phase of an ABAB research design is to __________.
demonstrate that the behavior observed during the first B phase is attainable once again during the second B phase
