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Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Flat bones

A

Protect vital organs

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2
Q

Long bones

A

Support weight and enable gross movements

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3
Q

Short bones

A

Provide stability to joints and enable finer controlled movements

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4
Q

Irregular bones

A

Specifically shaped to protect. Protect nerve tissue and provide stability

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5
Q

Shoulder joint type and articulating bones

A

Ball and socket
Scapula, Clavicle, Humerus

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6
Q

Elbow joint type and articulating bones

A

Hinge
Humerus, Radius, Ulna

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7
Q

Hip joint type and articulating bones

A

Ball and socket
Pelvis, Femur

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8
Q

Knee joint type and articulating bones

A

Hinge
Femur, Patella, Fibula, Tibia

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9
Q

Ankle joint type and articulating bones

A

Hinge
Tibia, Fibula, Talus

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10
Q

Six functions of the skeleton

A

-Support
-Protection
-Movement
-Shape
-Blood cell production
-Storage of minerals

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11
Q

Synovial Joint and the parts inside

A

An area of the body where two or more articulating bones meet.
-Freely moveable and parts work together to prevent injury

Parts:
-Tendons
-Bursae
-Joint Capsule
-Synovial Membrane
-Synovial Fluid
-Cartilage
-Ligaments

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12
Q

Tendons

A

Very strong, non-elastic cords that join muscle to bone

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13
Q

Bursae

A

A sac filled with liquid, floating inside the joint, to reduce friction between tendon and bone

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14
Q

Joint Capsule

A

Tissue that stops synovial fluid from escaping and encloses, supports and holds the bones together

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15
Q

Synovial Membrane

A

The lining inside the joint capsule that secretes synovial fluid

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16
Q

Synovial Fluid

A

A clear and slippery liquid that lubricates the joint and stops the bones rubbing together

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17
Q

Cartilage

A

A tough but flexible tissue that acts as a buffer between the bones, preventing bones rubbing together and causing friction

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18
Q

Ligaments

A

Bands of elastic fibre that attach bone to bone, keeping the joints stable by restricting movement

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19
Q

Ball and socket joint

A

Can move away from the body, back towards the body, and can also rotate

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20
Q

Hinge joint

A

Can only move in one direction, towards and away from each other

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21
Q

Knee joint movements

A

Flexion
Extension

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22
Q

Elbow joint movements

A

Flexion
Extension

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23
Q

Ankle joint movements

A

Plantar Flexion
Dorsiflexion

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24
Q

Hip joint movements

A

Flexion
Extension
Rotation
Abduction
Adduction

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25
Shoulder joint movements
Flexion Extension Rotation Abduction Adduction Circumduction
26
Extension
Increase in the angle of bones at a joint
27
Flexion
Decrease in the angle of bones at a joint
28
Abduction
Movement of a bone or limb away from
29
Adduction
Movement of a bone or limb towards the midline of the body
30
Circumduction
Movement of a bone or limb in a circular pattern; a combination of flexion, extension, adduction and abduction
31
Rotation
A circular movement around a joint or, in other words, a movement around an axis
32
Plantar flexion
Movement at the ankle joint that points the toes and increases the angle at the ankle joint
33
Doriflexion
Movement at the ankle joint that flexes the foot upwards and decreases the angle at the ankle joint
34
Shoulder muscles
Deltoid Trapezius Pectorals Latissimus dorsi Biceps Triceps Rotator cuff
35
Elbow muscles
Biceps Triceps
36
Hip muscles
Hip flexors Gluteals
37
Knee muscles
Quadriceps Hamstrings
38
Ankle muscles
Tibialis Anterior Gastrocnemius
39
Agonist
Contracting
40
Antagonist
Relaxing
41
Isotonic Contraction
A muscle contraction where the muscle changes length when it contracts, resulting in limb movement.
42
Isometric Contractions
A muscle contraction where the length of the muscle doesn't change when it contracts
43
Concentric
When the muscle contracts and shortens
44
Eccentric
When the muscle contracts and lengthens
45
Path of Air
Nose -> Trachea -> Bronchi -> Bronchioles -> Alveoli
46
Gaseous Exchange
1. Oxygen that has been breathed in passes through the alveoli and into the red blood cells in the capillaries 2. Oxygen combines with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin and is then carried around the body 3. Haemoglobin carries carbon dioxide from the body to the capillaries 4. The carbon dioxide passes through the alveoli and is then breathed out
47
Diffusion Pathway
The distance travelled during diffusion
48
Inhalation
49
Exhalation
50
Tidal Volume
The normal amount of air inhaled or exhaled per breath. Increases with excercise
51
Expiratory Reserve Volume
The amount of air that can be forced out after tidal volume. Decreases with excercise
52
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
The amount of air that can be forced in after tidal volume. Decreases with excercise
53
Residual Volume
The amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration. Doesn't change with excercise
54
Vital Capacity
The largest volume of air that can be forcibly expired after the deepest possible inspiration
55
Arteries
Thick muscular walls and small lumen. Thick, muscular walls to carry oxygenated blood away from the heart at high pressure. Pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated
56
Veins
Thin walls and large lumen and valves. Low blood pressure and carry deoxygenated blood except pulmonary vein. Valves help bloodflow not go backwards due to low blood pressure
57
Capillaries
One cell thick, link arteries to veins. One cell thick allows faster diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Deoxygenated becomes oxygenated in the capillaries.
58
Pathway of blood
-Deoxygenated blood enters into right atrium through vena cava -Passes through valve to right ventricle -Pulmonary artery transports deoxygenated blood to lungs -Gaseous exchange occurs, oxygenating the blood -Pulmonary vein transports oxygenated blood to left atrium -Passes through valve to left ventricle -Transported to body through aorta
59
Vasoconstriction
The narrowing of the internal diameter of a blood vessel to decrease blood flow so that less blood is delivered to inactive areas during excercise
60
Vasodilation
The widening of the internal diameter of a blood vessel to increase blood flow so that more blood is delivered to active areas duting excercising, increasing their oxygen supply
61
Cardiac Output=
Stroke Volume x Heart Rate
62
Aerobic Excercise
Working at a low to moderate intensity so that the body has time to use oxygen for energy production and can work for a long period of time.
63
Aerobic Respiration
Glucose + Oxygen -> Energy + Carbon Dioxide + Water
64
Anaerobic Excercise
Working for short periods of time at a high intensity without oxygen for energy production
65
Anaerobic Respiration
Glucose -> Energy + Lactic Acid
66
Excess Post-excercise Oxygen Consumption
The amount of oxygen needed to recover after excercise. It is characterised by an increased breathing rate and deeper breathing after excercise
67
Cool Down
End session gradually. Light excercise such as a light jog for 5 minutes and gentle static stretching. Gradually reducing intensity maintains an elevated heart rate to ensure quick blood flow to muscles.
68
Manipulation of Diet
Rehydrate Refuel Repair Rest
69
Ice Baths
Prevent DOMS. Cold causes vasoconstriction, forcing lactic acid out. Getting out of the ice bath enacts vasodilation so oxygenated goes in the lactic acids place.
70
DOMS
Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness
71
Immediate Effects of Excercise
Body temp increase Heart rate increase Sweat and skin reddens Increased breathing rate
72
Short-term Effects of Excercise
Light-headed Nausea Muscles ache a little DOMS if high intensity excercise Cramps Fatigued
73
Long-term Effects of Excercise
Cardiac Hypertrophy Muscular Hypertrophy Improved stamina Bradycardia Body shape change Improvements in components of fitness
74
Fatigue
A feeling of extreme or severe tiredness due to a build-up of lactic acid in the muscles or working for a long time

PE (6 decks)

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