Chapter 1 Flashcards
What is Obesity
A complex disease involving an excessive amount of body fat; classified by a body mass index of 30 or greater.
What is Kinesiology
Study of movement as it relates to anatomy and physiology.
What is evidence based practice
A practice that relies on evidence for guidance and decision-making and includes developing individual expertise, staying current on the best sources of external evidence (e.g., peer-reviewed research), and prioritizing client values and expectations.
What is Musculoskeletal system
The combined, interworking system of all muscles and bones in the body.
What is Deconditioned
A state of lost physical fitness, which may include muscle imbalances, decreased flexibility, and a lack of core and joint stability.
What is overweight
A body weight greater than what is considered within normal standards; a body mass index of 25.0 to 29.9.
Muscle imbalance
When muscles on each side of a joint have altered length-tension relationships.
What is Joint stability
The support provided by tissues surrounding a joint to maintain and provide control during movement.
What is OPT
OPT Model - Optimum Performance Training
Phase 1 - Stabilization Endurance
Phase 2 - Strength Endurance
Phase 3 - Muscular Development
Phase 4 - Maximal Strength
Phase 5 - Power
What is Socioeconomic status
The social standing of a person or group that includes education, income, and occupation.
What is Morbidity
The state of having a disease.
What is Mortality
A state or a risk of death or dying.
What is Homeostasis
The process by which the human body strives to maintain a relatively stable equilibrium.
What is Acute medical event/disease
Any medical condition that occurs suddenly and can be treated and healed in a short period of time. For example, an isolated bout of bronchitis is an acute medical condition that is easily treated with antibiotics and rest, and typically resolves in a week or so. However, if left untreated, the condition could progress to more serious chronic problems.
What is Chronic medical event/disease
A medical condition that persists for a long duration or cannot be cured altogether, typically lasting for 3 months or more. Chronic diseases generally cannot be prevented by vaccines or cured by medications, nor do they just disappear over time. For example, individuals with a long history of smoking are prone to acute bouts of bronchitis, which can and often do progress toward chronic bronchitis.
What is risk factor
Any attribute, characteristic, or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury.
What is Cholesterol
A waxy, fatlike substance found in bodily cells.
What are BMI classifications
TABLE 1-1 BMI Classification
BMI
Disease Risk
Classification
< 18.5
Increased
Underweight
18.5–24.9
Low
Healthy weight
25.0–29.9
Increased
Overweight
30.0–34.9
High
Obese
35.0–39.9
Very high
Obesity II
≥ 40.0
Extremely high
Obesity III
CRITICAL
BMI provides the most practical measurement of overweight and obesity because it is the same for both sexes and for all ages of adults. When analyzing large populations, BMI is both a valid and reliable tool to estimate overweight and obesity levels.
However, BMI is not a substitute for more precise, objective measurements of body fat composition when examining people on an individual basis. For example, elite athletes with very high levels of lean muscle mass can be mistakenly classified as obese by BMI alone, even though they may have very little body fat. For that reason, calculating BMI is just a starting point, and other body composition assessments should be considered with clients who are on a weight loss journey.
CRITICAL
With so many in the greater population dealing with one or more chronic health conditions, it is essential for fitness professionals to be familiar with the most common conditions. Regular exercise and healthy lifestyle changes can greatly improve the quality of life for people with chronic conditions; however, fitness professionals should always ensure that affected individuals have received clearance to exercise by a doctor or other licensed healthcare provider before beginning a new fitness regimen.
What is a Stroke
A sudden lack of blood supply to the brain, caused by either a blockage in an artery or ruptured blood vessel.
What is a Heart attack
The action that occurs when an artery supplying the heart with blood and oxygen becomes blocked; medically known as a myocardial infarction.
What is Heart Failure
A condition in which the heart can’t pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs.
What is a Heart Valve problem
A condition that occurs when one or more heart valves do not function properly, causing shortness of breath and reduced oxygen supply to the body.
What is Arrythmia
A problem with the rate or rhythm of a person’s heartbeat. The heart beats too quickly, too slowly, or with an irregular pattern.
What is Ischemic Heart Disease
A category of heart-related problems caused by the narrowing of coronary arteries, which supply blood and oxygen to the heart muscle.
What is Atherosclerosis
The processes by which plaque is formed in arteries leading to reduced blood flow.
What is Hypertension
Consistently elevated blood pressure.
What is Systolic blood pressure (SBP)
The pressure in arteries and other blood vessels when the heart is contracting; the first (top) number recorded.
What is Diastolic blood pressure (DBP)
The pressure in arteries and other blood vessels when heart is at rest or between beats; the second (bottom) number recorded.
What is Diabetes
Chronic metabolic disorder, caused by insulin deficiency, which impairs carbohydrate usage and enhances usage of fat and protein.
What is Glucose
The simplest form of carbohydrate used by the body for energy.
What is Insulin Resistance
The inability of the cells to respond to insulin; occurs in type 2 diabetes.
What is Cancer
A group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.
What is Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
A general term used to describe progressive lung diseases, including emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and refractory (nonreversible) asthma.
What is Endorphins
A group of hormones secreted by the brain that provides a variety of physiological functions, such as reducing the perception of pain.
What is Skeletal Muscle
The type of muscle tissue that connects to bones and generates the forces that create movement.
What is Sprain
A stretching or tearing of ligaments.
What is Plantar Fasciitis
An inflammation of the fibrous tissue (plantar fascia) along the bottom of the foot, which often results in intense heel pain.
What is Patellar tendonitis
An injury or inflammation of the tendon that connects the patella (kneecap) to the tibia (shin bone).
What is Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear
A stretch, partial tear, or complete tear of the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee.
What is Medial collateral ligament (MCL) tear
A stretch, partial tear, or complete tear of the medial collateral ligament of the knee.
What is Shoulder impingement syndrome
Shoulder pain caused by rotator cuff tissues rubbing against the acromion bone of the shoulder.
