Chapter 1

Question 1

what comprises most of the atom’s volume?

Answer 1

empty space containing electrons

Question 2

equation to determine the maximum number of electrons in the energy shell of the elements in each row

Answer 2

two raised to the n-squared, where n represents the period

Question 3

properties of s-orbital

Answer 3

• spherical - contains two electrons

Question 4

properties of p-orbitals

Answer 4

• px, py, and pz: exist along axes of Cartesian coordinate system - each p-orbital contains two electrons, allowing six electrons total - orthogonal: form at ninety-degree angles; never intersect one another - look like infinity symbols

Question 5

electronegativity (including trends)

Answer 5

attractiveness for electrons - increases across a period (closer to stability) - decreases down a group (further away from nucleus)

Question 6

electron affinity

Answer 6

energy released from gaining an electron

Question 7

ionic bonds (in terms of electronegativity)

Answer 7

difference in electronegativity between elements > 1.9

Question 8

polar covalent bonds (in terms of electronegativity)

Answer 8

1.9 > difference in electronegativity in elements > 0.5

Question 9

nonpolar covalent bonds (in terms of electronegativity)

Answer 9

difference in electronegativity between elements < 0.5

Question 10

relationship between size and first ionization energy

Answer 10

size of atoms decrease across a period, due to the stronger attraction between additional protons in the nucleus and additional electrons orbiting it. with size decreases energy; therefore, more input energy required to break the bond

Question 11

formal charge

Answer 11

charge on an atom in a molecule or polyatomic ion formal charge = (number of electrons in neutral, unbonded atom) - (all unshared electrons + one-half of shared electrons)

Question 12

functional groups

Answer 12

1.) organize compounds into classes 2.) exhibit characteristic reactions 3.) serve as basis for naming compounds

Question 13

alcohols

Answer 13

(-OH) hydroxyl group bound to tetrahedral carbon

Question 14

primary alcohol

Answer 14

bonded to a carbon bound to one other carbon and two hydrogens

Question 15

secondary alcohol

Answer 15

bonded to a carbon bound to two other carbons and one hydrogen

Question 16

tertiary alcohol

Answer 16

bonded to a carbon bound to three other carbons

Question 17

amine

Answer 17

nitrogen-containing amino group

Question 18

primary amine

Answer 18

nitrogen bound to carbon and two hydrogens

Question 19

secondary amine

Answer 19

nitrogen bound to two carbons and a hydrogen

Question 20

tertiary amine

Answer 20

nitrogen bound to three carbons

Question 21

aldehyde

Answer 21

(C=O): carbon with double-bond bound to one hydrogen and one carbon (ie, at end of carbon chain)

Question 22

ketone

Answer 22

(C=O): carbon with double-bond bound to two carbons (ie, in middle of carbon chain)

Question 23

carboxylic acids

Answer 23

(-COOH)

Question 24

carboxylic esters (esters)

Answer 24

derivative of carboxylic acid; hydrogen of carboxyl group replaced by another carbon-containing group

Question 25

carboxylic amides (amides)

Answer 25

• derivative of carboxylic acid; -OH (hydroxyl) group replaced by an amine. - group exhibits planar structure

Question 26

shapes of hybrid orbitals in three-dimensions

Answer 26