Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The human heart is located within the______ medially between the lungs in the space known as the _____

A
  1. thoracic cavity
  2. mediastinum
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2
Q

the heart is separated from the other mediastinal structures by a tough membrane known as the_____

A

pericardium, or pericardial sac, and sits in its own space called the pericardial cavity.

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3
Q

The slight deviation of the apex to the left is reflected in a depression in the medial surface of the inferior lobe of the left lung, called the_____

A

cardiac notch

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4
Q

The position of the heart in the torso between the vertebrae and sternum (see the image above for the position of the heart within the thorax) allows for individuals to apply an emergency technique known as _____ if the heart of the patient stop

A

cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

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5
Q

Current standards call for compression of the chest at least _____ and at a rate of _________________per minute

A

5 cm deep and 100 compressions

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6
Q

the weight of a female heart is approximately _______, and the weight of a male heart is approximately_______

A

250–300 grams (9 to 11 ounces) and 300–350 grams (11 to 12 ounces)

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7
Q

The cause of an abnormally enlarged heart muscle is unknown, but the condition is often undiagnosed and can cause sudden death in apparently otherwise healthy young people.

A

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

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8
Q

acts as a receiving chamber and contracts to push blood into the lower chambers

A

the right ventricle and the left ventricle.

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9
Q

serve as the primary pumping chambers of the heart, propelling blood to the lungs or to the rest of the body.

A

ventricles

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10
Q

transports blood to and from the lungs, where it picks up oxygen and delivers carbon dioxide for exhalation.

A

pulmonary circuit

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11
Q

transports oxygenated blood to virtually all of the tissues of the body and returns relatively deoxygenated blood and carbon dioxide to the heart to be sent back to the pulmonary circulation.

A

systemic circuit

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12
Q

The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood into the _______, which leads toward the lungs and bifurcates into the left and right ______________. These vessels in turn branch many times before reaching the________________, where gas exchange occurs: Carbon dioxide exits the blood and oxygen enters.

A

pulmonary trunk
pulmonary arteries
pulmonary capillaries

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13
Q

Highly oxygenated blood returning from the __________ in the lungs passes through a series of vessels that join together to form the

A

pulmonary capillaries

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14
Q

The capillaries will ultimately unite to form venules, joining to form ever-larger veins, eventually flowing into the two major systemic veins, the _______________, which return blood to the right atrium.

A

superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava

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15
Q

The middle and thickest layer is the ________, made largely of cardiac muscle cells.

A

myocardium

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16
Q

The innermost layer of the heart wall, the _________, is joined to the myocardium with a thin layer of connective tissue.

A

endocardium

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17
Q

The endocardium lines the chambers where the blood circulates and covers the heart valves. It is made of simple squamous epithelium called _________, which is continuous with the endothelial lining of the blood vessels.

A

endothelium

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18
Q

_____refers to a wall or partition that divides the heart into chambers.

A

septum

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19
Q

It is marked by the presence of four openings that allow blood to move from the atria into the ventricles and from the ventricles into the pulmonary trunk and aorta.

A

atrioventricular septum

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20
Q

The _____ serves as the receiving chamber for blood returning to the heart from the systemic circulation

A

right atrium

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21
Q

The_____ receives blood from the right atrium through the tricuspid valve

A

Right Ventricle

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22
Q

_________________, literally “tendinous cords,” or sometimes more poetically referred to as “heart strings.”

A

chordae tendineae

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23
Q

A junction between two adjoining cells is marked by a critical structure called an___________

A

intercalated disc

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24
Q

____________, a specialized clump of myocardial conducting cells located in the superior and posterior walls of the right atrium in close proximity to the orifice of the superior vena cava.

A

sinoatrial (SA) node

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25
Q

Bachmann’s bundle or the interatrial band that conducts the impulse directly from the right atrium to the left atrium.

A

Bachmann’s bundle or the interatrial band

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26
Q

This tracing of the electrical signal is the ____________

A

electrocardiogram (ECG), also commonly abbreviated EKG

27
Q

The ___________ represents the depolarization of the atria

A

small P wave

28
Q

The _______________ represents the depolarization of the ventricles, which requires a much stronger electrical signal because of the larger size of the ventricular cardiac muscle

A

large QRS complex

29
Q

_________ represents the repolarization of the ventricles

A

T wave

30
Q

The period of time that begins with contraction of the atria and ends with ventricular relaxation is known as the ____

A

cardiac cycle

31
Q

The period of contraction that the heart undergoes while it pumps blood into circulation is called ____

A

systole

32
Q

The period of relaxation that occurs as the chambers fill with blood is called___

A

diastole

33
Q

Contraction of the atria follows depolarization, represented by the P wave of the ECG

A

Atrial Systole and Diastole

34
Q

_____follows the depolarization of the ventricles and is represented by the QRS complex in the ECG

A

Ventricular Systole

35
Q

___________follows repolarization of the ventricles and is represented by the T wave of the ECG.

A

Ventricular Diastole

36
Q

The term _________is used to describe an unusual sound coming from the heart that is caused by the turbulent flow of blood

A

murmur

37
Q

a measurement of the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute

A

Cardiac output (CO)

38
Q

amount of blood pumped by each ventricle

A

stroke volume (SV

39
Q

in contractions per minute (or beats per minute, bpm)

A

heart rate (HR)

40
Q

The ____ is the largest artery in the body

A

aorta

41
Q

An __________is a blood vessel that conducts blood away from the heart

A

artery

42
Q

A ___is a blood vessel that conducts blood toward the heart

A

vein

43
Q

________ are specialized stretch receptors located within thin areas of blood vessels and heart chambers that respond to the degree of stretch caused by the presence of blood

A

Baroreceptors

44
Q

The ___________ are found in the walls of the ascending aorta just superior to the aortic valve, whereas the ______ are in the base of the internal carotid arteries

A

aortic sinuses and carotid sinuses

45
Q

______monitoring the blood are located in close proximity to the baroreceptors in the aortic and carotid sinuses

A

Chemoreceptors

46
Q

secreted by the cells in the hypothalamus and transported via the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tracts to the posterior pituitary where it is stored until released upon nervous stimulation.

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin

47
Q

It is defined as chronic and persistent blood pressure measurements of 140/90 mm Hg or above.

A

hypertension

48
Q

a life-threatening condition in which the circulatory system is unable to maintain blood flow to adequately supply sufficient oxygen and other nutrients to the tissues to maintain cellular metabolism.

A

Circulatory Shock

49
Q

adults is typically caused by hemorrhage, although in children it may be caused by fluid losses related to severe vomiting or diarrhea.

A

Hypovolemic shock

50
Q

results from the inability of the heart to maintain cardiac output.

A

Cardiogenic shock

51
Q

occurs when arterioles lose their normal muscular tone and dilate dramatically

A

Vascular shock

52
Q

a form of vascular shock that occurs with cranial or spinal injuries that damage the cardiovascular centers in the medulla oblongata or the nervous fibers originating from this region.as the name would suggest, occurs when a significant portion of the vascular system is blocked.

A

Neurogenic shock

53
Q

___________ is a severe allergic response that causes the widespread release of histamines, triggering vasodilation throughout the body.

A

Anaphylactic shock

54
Q

as the name would suggest, occurs when a significant portion of the vascular system is blocked.

A

Obstructive shock

55
Q

The precursor cells are known as _____

A

hemangioblasts

56
Q

which give rise to the blood vessels and pluripotent stem cells

A

angioblasts

57
Q

an opening in the interatrial septum that allows blood to flow from the right atrium to the left atrium.

A

foramen ovale

58
Q

a short, muscular vessel that connects the pulmonary trunk to the aorta.

A

ductus arteriosus

59
Q

a temporary blood vessel that branches from the umbilical vein, allowing much of the freshly oxygenated blood from the placenta—the organ of gas exchange between the mother and fetus—to bypass the fetal liver and go directly to the fetal heart.

A

ductus venosus

60
Q

a circulatory organ unique to pregnancy—develops jointly from the embryo and uterine wall structures to fill this need.

A

placenta

61
Q

which carries oxygen-rich blood from the mother to the fetal inferior vena cava via the ductus venosus to the heart that pumps it into fetal circulation.

A

umbilical vein

62
Q

carry oxygen-depleted fetal blood, including wastes and carbon dioxide, to the placenta.

A

umbilical arteries

63
Q
A