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Chemistry IGCSE > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the states of matter?

A

solids
liquids
gases

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2
Q

solids

A
  • there are strong forces of attraction between particles
  • particles don’t move so all solids keep a definite shape
  • particles vibrate about their position
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3
Q

liquids

A
  • weak forces of attraction between particles
  • particles move freely but stick closely together
  • don’t keep a definite shape
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4
Q

gases

A
  • very weak forces of attraction between particles
  • particles move freely and are far apart
  • don’t keep a definite shape or volume
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5
Q

gases

A
  • very weak forces of attraction between particles
  • particles move freely and are far apart
  • don’t keep a definite shape or volume
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6
Q

solid ~> liquid

A

melting

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7
Q

liquid ~> gas

A

evaporating

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8
Q

gas ~> liquid

A

condensating

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9
Q

liquid ~> solid

A

freezing

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10
Q

solid ~> gas

A

subliming

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11
Q

Diffusion

A

the gradual movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

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12
Q

solution

A

is a mixture of a solute and a solvent that does not separate out

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13
Q

solute

A

the substance being dissolved

solute - solid

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14
Q

solvent

A

the liquid it’s dissolving into

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15
Q

saturated solution

A

a solution where the maximum amount of solute has been dissolved; so no more solute will be dissolved in the solvent

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16
Q

protons

A

-heavy
-positively charged

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17
Q

neutrons

A
  • heavy
  • neutral
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18
Q

electrons

A
  • have hardly any mass
  • negatively charged
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19
Q

nucleus

A
  • middle of atom
  • contains protons and neutrons
  • positive charge
  • almost whole mass of atom is concentrated in nucleus
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20
Q

electrons

A
  • move around the nucleus in shells
  • negatively charged
  • have no mass
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21
Q

how many electrons can the first 3 shells hold?

A

2, 8, 8

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22
Q

how many electrons can the first 3 shells hold?

A

2, 8, 8

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23
Q

number of protons and nr of electrons…

A

is equal

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24
Q

if electrons are added or removed, the atom becomes charged and is then

A

an ION

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25
Q

atomic number

A

indicates how many protons there are

26
Q

atoms of the same elemet all habe the same number of…

A

protons

27
Q

mass number

A

total of protons and neutrons in the atom

28
Q

to get the number of neutrons…

A

subtract the atomic number from the mass number

29
Q

isotopes

A

different atomic forms of the same element, which have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

30
Q

example of pair of isotopes

A

Carbon-12 and carbon-13

31
Q

elements

A

consist of one type of atom only

32
Q

compounds

A

substance that is made of two or more different elements which are chemically bonded

33
Q

give an example of a compound

A

carbon dioxide; 1 carbon atom + 2 oxygen atoms

34
Q

properties of compounds are…

A

…totally different form the properties of the original elements

35
Q

mixtures

A
  • are not pure substances
  • no chemical bond between the different parts of a mixture
  • easily separated
  • parts can be separated out by physical methods e.g. distillation
36
Q

properties of mixtures

A

are a mixture of the properties of the separated parts

37
Q

pure substances

A
  • completely made up of a single element or compound
  • have a specific, sharp melting point and boiling point
38
Q

freezing point of water

A

o degrees Celsius

39
Q

boiling point of water

A

100 degrees Celsius

40
Q

when does a mixture boil or melt?

A

a mixture is not pure and will melt or boil gradually over a range of temperatures

41
Q

filtration

A

is used to separate an insoluble solid forma liquid

42
Q

carry out a filtration

A
  • put a filter paper into a funnel and pour the mixture into it
  • the liquid part of the mixture runs through the paper, leaving behind a solid residue
43
Q

crystallisation

A

separates a soluble solid form a solution

44
Q

how to crystallise a product:

A
  1. pour the solution into an evaporating dish + heat it (water will evaporate and solution more concentrated)
  2. once some water has evaporated + crystals form, remove dish + leave solution to cool
  3. salt forms crystals as its insoluble in the cold
  4. filter the crystals out of solution + let them dry in a warm place (drying oven or desiccator cold be used)
45
Q

what is filtration and crystallisation used for?

A

separate rock salt, which is a mixture of salt and sand (compound) - but salt dissolves in water and sand doesn’t

46
Q

filtration and crystallisation

A
  1. Grind up the rock salt with a pestle and mortar
  2. Dissolve in beaker and stir
  3. Filter through filter paper in a funnel
  4. sand stays as big grains, which wont fit through the tiny holes in the filter paper
  5. Evaporate in an evaporating dish
  6. crystals form
47
Q

chromatography

A

separate out mixtures

48
Q

Rf value

A

ratio between the distance travelled by the dissolved substance (solute) and the solvent

48
Q

paper chromatography practical

A

1) draw line with pencil at bottom of filter paper above the surface of the solvent
2) add different ink spots to the line
3) place the sheet into a beaker of solvent
4) place a lid on top of the container
5) solvent moves up the paper, carrying the inks with it
6) different dyes will move up the paper at different rates depending on their solubility
7) take the paper out + let it dry
8) end result is a pattern of sports called chromatogram

49
Q

formula to find the Rf value

A
50
Q

distillation

A

used to separate mixtures that contain liquids

51
Q

simple distillation

A

used to separate out solutions

52
Q

fractional distillation

A

used to separate a mixture of liquids

53
Q

what is the relative mass of a proton?

A

1

54
Q

what is the relative mass of a neutron?

A

1

55
Q

what is the relative mass of an electron?

A

1/2000
0.0005

56
Q

what is the relative charge of a proton?

A

+1

57
Q

what is the relative charge of an electron?

A

-1

58
Q

what is the relative charge of a neutron?

A

0

59
Q
A

A = fractionating column
B = condenser

Chemistry IGCSE (4 decks)

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