Chapter 1 Flashcards
Anatomy and Physiology
Types of bones
- Flat
- Irregular
- Long
- Short
Flat bones
Often quite large
Protect vital organs
Irregular bones
Specifically shaped to protect, e.g. The vertebrae are specifically shaped to protect the spinal cord
Long bones
Enable large, gross movements
Short bones
Enable smaller, controlled, fine movements
Synovial joints, name all parts
- Bursae
- Synovial fluid
- Synovial membrane
- Cartilage
- Joint capsule
- Ligaments
- Tendons
Bursae
A sac filled with liquid to reduce friction between the tendon and the bone
Synovial fluid
A clear and slippery joint that lubricates the joint and stop the bones from rubbing together
Synovial membrane
The lining inside the joint capsule that creates and secretes synovial fluid.
Cartilage
A tough but flexible tissue between bones that acts as a buffer between the bones, that stops bones from rubbing together and causing friction.
Joint capsule
Tissue that stops the synovial fluid from escaping and encloses, supports and holds the bones together.
Ligaments
Bands of elastic fibre that attach bone to bone, keeping the joints stable by restricting movement
Tendons
Very strong, non-elastic cords that join muscle to bone
Articulating bones at the shoulder
Clavicle
Scapula
Humerus
Articulating bones at the knee
Tibia
Fibula
Femur
Patella
Articulating bones at the hip
Pelvis
Femur
Articulating bones at the elbow
Radius
Ulna
Humerus
Articulating bones at the ankle
Tibia
Fibula
Talus
Functions of the skeleton
Support for muscles and vital organs
Protection of vital organs
Movement at joints, muscles pull on the bones allowing movement
Shape and structure, maintaining the basic form of the body, provides places for muscles to attach to
Blood cell production
Red - Carrying oxygen and nutrients to muscles
White - Fights of infections
Platelets - Creating blood clots
Storage of minerals, essential for major body functions
Support - Skeleton Functions
Provides support for muscles and vital organs
Protection - Skeleton Functions
Protection of vital organs, acts as a shield
Movement - Skeleton Functions
Movement at joints, muscles pull on the bones allowing movement
Shape / Structure - Skeleton Functions
Maintaining the basic form of the body, provides places for muscles to attach to
Blood cell production - Skeleton Functions
Blood cells are created in the bone marrow
Red - Carrying oxygen and nutrients to muscles
White - Fights of infections
Platelets - Creating blood clots at injuries
Storage - Skeleton Functions
Storage of minerals, essential for major body functions
Types of joints
- Hinge
- Ball & Socket
Hinge joints - How do they move?
Bones move around the joint in a single plane - Extension or Flexion
(Like a hinge on a door)
Ball and Socket joints - How do they move?
Can move towards and away from the centre line of the body, in a circular motion around the joint, as well as rotating
Joint actions and movements
Name them all
- Flexion
- Extension
- Abduction
- Adduction
- Plantar flexion
- Dorsiflexion
- Circumduction
- Rotation
Flexion
Decreasing the angle at a joint
Extension
Increasing the angle at a joint
Abduction
The movement of a limb away from the centre line of the body
Adduction
The movement of a limb towards the centre line of the body
Plantar flexion
The forward-bending motion of your hand or foot, increasing angle
Towards the ‘plants’ in the ground
Dorsiflexion
The backward-bending motion of your hand or foot, decreasing angle
Like a dorsal fin
Circumduction
The ‘circular’ movement of a limb around a ball and socket joint
Rotation
The limb moves in a circular movement around a fixed joint
Name all 13 muscles
Sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius
Deltoids
Rotator cuff
Tricep
Bicep
Pectorals
Abdominals
Latissimus dorsi
Hip flexor
Quadriceps
Hamstrings
Tibialis anterior
Gastrocnemius
Name all 21 bones
Cranium
Vertabrae
Scapula
Clavicle
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpals
Meta-carpals
Phalanges
Ribs
Sternum
Pelvis
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Talus
Tarsals
Meta-tarsals
Phalanges 2.0
List the names and roles of the muscles in antagonistic pairing
Antagonist - Relaxes, allowing movement
Agonist - Contracts, causing movement
Isometric definition + Example
Tension without movement
E.g Plank
List the two isotonic movements
Concentric
Eccentric
Concentric definition + Example
Contracting (muscle shortening) - Against gravity
E.g Bicep curl - Pulling up
Eccentric definition + Example
Lengthening - With gravity
E.g Bicep curl - Controlled down
Describe the path that air moves from outside into the body
Mouth/Nose
Trachea
Left/right Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Capillaries
How does oxygen and carbon dioxide move through capillaries
Diffusion
The movement of particles from and area of high concentration to low concentration
What does the oxygen do once in the red blood cells?
Combines with Haemoglobin to form Oxyhaemoglobin
What muscles and bones are in action for inhalation and exhalation
Muscles:
Intercostal muscles
Diaphragm
Bones:
Ribs
Sternum
What causes air to move in/out of the lungs
Movement of bones and muscles increase/decrease the volume of the lungs, creating changes in air pressure
Lower volume = Higher pressure = Exhalation
Larger volume = Lower pressure = Inhalation
How does breathing change during exercise
1) Muscles contract quicker
2) Pressure and Volume change quicker
3) Breathes are deeper and quicker
Tidal volume
The normal amount of air inhaled or exhaled breath
Tidal volume increases with exercise
Expiratory reserve volume
The amount of air that can be forced out after tidal volume (after a normal expiration)
Expiratory reserve volume decreases during exercise
Inspiratory reserve volume
The amount of air that can be forced in after tidal volume (after a normal inspiration)
Inspiratory reserve volume decreases during exercise
Residual volume
The amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration
There is no change in residual volume during exercise
Vital capacity
The largest volume of air that can be forcibly expired after the deepest possible inspiration
Total lung capacity - residual volume
Describe the route that blood takes around the body
Starting in the lower body
Gains CO2 loses O2
Through the inferior and superior Vena Cava
Right atrium
Bicuspid valve into the right ventricle
Pulmonary artery into the lungs Gains O2 loses CO2
Pulmonary vein into the left atrium
Tricuspid valve into the left ventricle
Aorta into the body
Describe the pace maker in the heart
The sinus node, top of right atrium, sends electrical pulses across the heart from the right atrium down to the left ventricle.
This causes the atria and the ventricles to contract and this moves the blood.
Blood vessels
Name all three
Veins
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
Structure & Function
Large lumen, small walls
Since there is low blood pressure in the veins, valves prevent back flow
All veins carry blood towards the heart
Arteries
Structure & Function
Small lumen, large muscular walls
There is high blood pressure in the arteries
All arteries carry blood away from the heart
Capillaries
Structure & Function
The walls of capillaries are one cell thick to enable gaseous exchange
Capillaries are found in the lungs and body for the diffusion on CO2 and O2
What actions can blood vessels do to redistribute blood during exercise?
Vasodilation - Increasing lumen/cross section
Vasoconstriction - Decreasing lumen/cross section
Normal vascular tone - At rest
Where is the majority of blood sent to at rest?
At rest, the majority of blood flow is sent to the:
1) Liver
2) Kidney
3) Muscles
4) Brain
All of these have 18% each or higher of the bodies blood flow
Where is the majority of blood sent to during exercise?
During exercise, the majority of blood flow is sent to the muscles
The muscles take 87% of all the body’s blood flow during exercise
Stroke Volume
Volume of blood pumped out by the heart by each ventricle during one contraction
Cardiac Output
Volume of blood pumped out by the heart in one minute
Cardiac Output = Stroke Volume * Heart Rate
Heart Rate
Measured in Beats Per Minutes (BPM), the total number of repetitions of the heart contracting
Aerobic Exercise
Long periods - With Oxygen
60-80% of HRM
Glucose + Oxygen = Energy + Water + CO2
