Chapter 1 Flashcards
what is the distribution of PhDs in psychology by gender?
70% women
what percent of PhDs are earned by POC?
30%
define: psychology
scientific study of mind and behavior
define: mind
private events that happen in oneself (thoughts, feelings)
define: behavior
public events and reactions, with potential to be observed and analyzed
define: philosophical dualism
the mind and body are fundamentally different things, bodies (material) are containers of the mind (nonmaterial)
define: philosophical materialism
all mental phenomena (”immaterial”) is reducible and due to activity in the brain (”material”), the mind is the structural function of the brain, interconnected
define: philosophical
realism
our perception of physical world are faithful copies of information from the world that enters our brain through our sensory apparatus (or stimuli), eye is like a camera
define: philosophical idealism
the perceptions we have are the world are the brains “best” interpretation of information that enters through our sensory apparatus, prior knowledge is necessary for perceiving the world
define: philosophical empiricism
all knowledge is acquired through experience, the newborn is in a “blank state”
define: philosophical nativism
some knowledge is innate and not all is acquired, the mind is preprogrammed with instinct
define: structuralism
an approach to psychology that attempted to isolate and analyze the minds basic elements through introspection, ex. analysis of information transmission of the nerves
define: introspection
analysis of subjective experiences in an individual , applied in structuralism in order to analyze the “raw experience” of individuals
define: functionalism
an approach to psychology that emphasized the adaptive significance of mental processes, focuses on the function of the mind and how it was shaped by natural selection
define: psychoanalysis
the mind has processes largely hidden from our view in the unconscious (impulse/instincts of the human), dreams were closely studied, aimed to better understand the unconscious mind’s role in behavior
define: behaviorism
an approach to psychology that restricts scientific inquiry to observable behaviors, focus on stimulus and response in individuals
define: principle of reinforcement
addition to behaviorism, any behavior that is rewarded will be repeated and any behavior that isn’t rewarded won’t be repeated, free will is an illusion
define: Gestalt psychology
physical stimuli and the way it is perceived is a combination of both information entering, prior knowledge, and the conditions in which the information is received (combination of information!)
define: developmental psychology
the study of the ways psychological phenomena change over the lifespan (child→adult), how the minds theories of how the world works are proven or disproven throughout the lifetime
define: social psychology
behavior is not a function of the environment, but of the person’s subjective construal of the environment, interpretation of stimuli, how people see the social world and its influence on behavior
define: cognitive psychology
study of human information processing, observing how programs work to compute answers, psychologists began to wonder how to think about human thinking and reasoning
define: evolutionary psychology
the study of the ways in which the human mind has been shaped by natural selection
define: cognitive neuroscience
the study of the relationship between brain and the mind
define: behavioral neuroscience
the study of the relationship between the brain and behavior
