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Abnormal Behaviour In Adults > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define a psychological disorder

A

A psychological dysfunction within an individual that is distressed and/or impaired in functioning and a response that is not culturally expected

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2
Q

What are the three requirements in order to have a psychological disorder?

A
  • Psychological dysfunction
  • Distress or impairment
  • Not typical or culturally expected
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3
Q

Define Psychological Dysfunction

A

Thinking, emotions, or behaviour are “not working how they are supposed to”

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4
Q

Define distress and impairment

A

Distress: individual is extremely upset

Impairment: causes some kind of harm in their lives

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5
Q

Are there instances when an individual is not upset and has a psychological disorder?

A

Antisocial Personality Disorder, Narcissistic Personality Disorder, Anorexia Nervosa, Mania

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6
Q

Are there instances when an individual is not impaired and has a psychological disorder?

A

High functioning substance use disorders, high functioning GAD

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7
Q

What is Wakefield’s definition of harmful dysfunction? (Subjective and Objective)

A

Subjective: does it cause harm by the standards of this culture?

Objective: does something fail to perform the way it should?

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8
Q

What are the three dominant traditions in the historical conceptions of abnormal behaviour?

A
  • Supernatural
  • Biological
  • Psychological
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9
Q

What tradition did Hippocrates take part in?

A

Biological Tradition

  • Believed abnormal behaviour had natural, rather supernatural causes
    Ex: believed hysteria resulted from a wandering uterus
  • He was also a proponent of the biopsychosocial approach
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10
Q

What tradition did Galen take part in?

A

Biological Tradition

  • Included the humoral theory of mental illness
    (Proposed that the body consisted of four humors that represented different aspects of human)
  • Crude treatments (bloodletting)
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11
Q

What tumultuous period is chronicled by historians in the 14th century?

A

The Supernatural Tradition

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12
Q

What was a significant issue regarding the treatment of individuals considered “insane” during the 14th century?

A

There were conflicting opinions on how to treat insanity

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13
Q

What was the predominant belief about madness in the 14th and 15th centuries?

A

That it was caused by witches and sorcery

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14
Q

What is another opinion regarding insanity during the 14th and 15th centuries?

A

Viewed as a natural phenomenon caused by mental or emotional stress

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15
Q

What tradition did Paracelsus take part in?

A

The Supernatural Tradition

  • Believed movement of the moon and stars caused abnormal behaviour
  • Pioneered the use of chemicals in the treatment of disorders
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16
Q

In the 19th century, what two factors reinvigorated the biological tradition?

A
  • Syphilis and the biological link with “madness”
  • Strong support from John P. Gray
    (Believed that mental illness was always due to physical illness)
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17
Q

What are the behavioural and cognitive symptoms of advanced syphilis?

A
  • Delusions of persecution
  • Delusions of grandeur
  • Other abnormal behaviours/psychoses
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18
Q

What did the malaria cure demonstrate?

A
  • And later penicillin, showed that some mental illness could be traced to a curable infection
  • Spurred on belief that mental illness is due to physiological factors
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19
Q

What does “moral” refer to in the context of Moral Therapy during the first half of the 18th century?

A
  • Emotional or Psychological
20
Q

What was the main practice of Moral Therapy?

A

Allowing institutionalized patients to be treated as normally as possible while encouraging social interaction

21
Q

What atmosphere did Philippe Pinel advocate for patients in treatment?

A

A human, socially facilitative atmosphere

22
Q

What was the primary focus of the Mental Hygiene Movement?

A

To improve the treatment and care of individuals with mental illness

23
Q

How did Dorothea Dix’s work impact the system of asylums?

A

She helped reform their conditions and promote the construction of better facilities for patients

24
Q

What two approaches were in conflict during the clash between the biological tradition and the mental hygiene movement?

A

Psychiatrists treating the mentally ill through biological means

Mental hygienists promoting mental health by changing societal institutions

25
Q

What was a major outcome of the clash between Biological Tradition and Mental Hygiene Movement?

A

A division in the field of psychiatry regarding treatment for mental illness

26
Q

What significant theory did Sigmund Freud develop in 1896?

A

The Psychoanalytic Theory

27
Q

What are the three components of the mind according to Freud?

A

ID, Ego, and Superego

28
Q

What principle governs the ID?

A

Pleasure principle: illogical, emotional, and irrational

29
Q

What principle does the ego operate on?

A

The reality principle: logical and rational

30
Q

What does the Superego represent?

A

Moral principles

31
Q

What are defense mechanisms in psychoanalytic theory?

A

Strategies used by the ego to protect itself from anxiety and internal conflict

32
Q

What therapeutic technique did Freud develop?

A

Psychoanalysis

33
Q

What techniques did Freud use in his psychoanalysis?

A

Free association, dream analysis, and exploring transference

34
Q

What are the five stages of human psychosexual development identified by Freud?

A

Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and gential stages

35
Q

What is object relations theory?

A

A theory that emphasizes how children incorporate objects

36
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

A previously-neutral stimulus can elicit a strong biological response if repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus that results in an unconditioned response.

37
Q

What is the theory of operant conditioning?

A

Most voluntary behaviour is controlled by the consequences that follow behaviour

38
Q

In operant conditioning, behaviours are more likely to occur in the future if _____, and are less likely to re-occur if ______.

A

Reinforced, punished

39
Q

What model dominates modern psychiatry and psychology?

A

The Western medical model

40
Q

What is the main idea behind the medical model in psychiatry and psychology?

A

Diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and often cured

41
Q

What 3 major categories compose the study and discussion of psychological disorders in relation to psychopathology?

A

Clinical description, causation, and treatment/outcome

42
Q

What is a presenting problem?

A

The problem a patient is showing up with

43
Q

What is a clinical description?

A

Unique combination of thoughts, feelings, and behaviours that make up a specific disorder.

44
Q

What is prevalence?

A

The number of people in a population who have a disorder

45
Q

What is a prognosis?

A

Typical course of the disorder

46
Q

Define course

A

Pattern of that disorder over time

47
Q

What is Etiology?

A

Study of why a disorder begins

Abnormal Behaviour In Adults (2 decks)

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