Chapter 1

Question 1

what are the 2 branches of statistics?

Answer 1

descriptive statistics and inferential statistics

Question 2

descriptive statistics

Answer 2

organize, summarize, and communicate numerical information (ex: the average shark is 15 feet long)

Question 3

inferential statistics

Answer 3

use sample data to make estimates about the larger population

Question 4

population

Answer 4

a collection of all possible members of a defined group

Question 5

sample

Answer 5

a set of observations drawn from the population of interest

Question 6

variable

Answer 6

things we measure, observations that can take on a range of values

Question 7

discrete observations

Answer 7

can only take on specific values (ex: whole numbers)

Question 8

continuous observations

Answer 8

can take on a full range of values

Question 9

what are the measurement scales for variables?

Answer 9

nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio (noir)

Question 10

nominal scale

Answer 10

most simple; a unique name/label (discrete)

Question 11

ordinal scale

Answer 11

adds requirement of order/rank; ex: birth order (discrete)

Question 12

interval scale

Answer 12

adds requirement of equal intervals; ex: temp in F or C (continuous)

Question 13

ratio scale

Answer 13

adds requirement of a meaningful zero (continuous)

Question 14

levels

Answer 14

the discrete values or conditions that variables can take on (ex: male is a level of the variable gender, gender could have 3 levels- male/female/fluid)

Question 15

predictor variable

Answer 15

has at least 2 levels we either manipulate or observe to determine its effects on outcome variables (IV)

Question 16

outcome variable

Answer 16

the variable we hypothesize to be related to or caused by changes in predictor (DV)

Question 17

confounding variable

Answer 17

a variable you try to control or randomize away; interferes with conclusions

Question 18

reliable

Answer 18

measure is consistent

Question 19

valid

Answer 19

measures what it is intended to measure

Question 20

operational definition

Answer 20

specifies the operations or procedures used to measure or manipulate a variable

Question 21

experiment

Answer 21

studies in which participants are randomly assigned to a condition or level of one or more IVs

Question 22

between-groups design

Answer 22

an experiment where different people complete the tasks and comparisons are made between the groups

Question 23

within-groups design

Answer 23

same participants do things more than once and comparisons are made over time

Question 24

correlational studies

Answer 24

don’t manipulate either variable, variables are assessed as they exist

Question 25

quasi-experiment

Answer 25

active manipulation of IV, typically not random assignment

Question 26

data ethics

Answer 26

a set of principles related to all stages of working with data

Question 27

open science

Answer 27

approach to research that encourages collaboration, sharing of research methodology, data, and statistical analyses

Question 28

HARKing

Answer 28

Hypothesizing After Results are Known