chapter 1 Flashcards
Heuristics
Mental shortcuts to simplify decision-making processes.
Better Than Average Effect
Overestimating one’s skills compared to others.
Hindsight Bias
The sense that we “knew it all along” after we learn of an actual outcome
What You See is All There Is
Difficulty predicting outcomes based on immediate experiences.
Scientific Method
Systematic approach for investigating questions.
Objectivity
Avoiding personal biases in evaluating evidence.
Creativity
Innovative thinking in scientific inquiry.
Availability Heuristic
judging the likelihood of an event or situation occurring based on how easily we can think of similar or relevant instances
Representative Heuristic
deciding the likelihood of an event based on how much it resembles what we consider to be typical example of that event
Overconfidence Phenomenon
Excessive confidence in the correctness of our own judgments.
focusing effect
Emphasizing certain information while ignoring others.
introspection
Reflecting on our own thoughts and experiences for self-knowledge.
belief perseverance
Maintain beliefs despite contradictory factual information
law of small numbers
Extreme outcomes likely with small sample sizes.
basic research
Expanding knowledge to develop theories.
applied research
Solving practical problems using established theories.
pseudoscience
Claims or beliefs misrepresented as scientific without proper methods.
skepticism
Questioning spurious claims and conventional wisdom.
empiricism
Testing ideas and admitting potential errors.
nominal scale
Categorical data without numerical value.
ordinal scale
Ranked data indicating order, not magnitude.
science denialism
Refusal to accept established scientific findings.
chacteristics of a good scientist
skepticism, openmindednes, objectivity, empiricism, creativity, communication
ratio scale
Equally spaced data with an absolute zero point.
confirmation bias
we only look for evidence that confirms what we already believe, thereby strengthening the original belief
pleasure paradox
Analysis regarding a positive experience results in it becoming less enjoyable
anecdotal evidence
Overvaluing personal experiences over scientific data.
outliers
Cases that differ significantly from the majority.
interval scale
Equally spaced data points without a true zero.
openmidedness
Willingness to explore controversial or unpopular ideas.
