chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Heuristics

A

Mental shortcuts to simplify decision-making processes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Better Than Average Effect

A

Overestimating one’s skills compared to others.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

The sense that we “knew it all along” after we learn of an actual outcome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What You See is All There Is

A

Difficulty predicting outcomes based on immediate experiences.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Scientific Method

A

Systematic approach for investigating questions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Objectivity

A

Avoiding personal biases in evaluating evidence.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Creativity

A

Innovative thinking in scientific inquiry.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

judging the likelihood of an event or situation occurring based on how easily we can think of similar or relevant instances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Representative Heuristic

A

deciding the likelihood of an event based on how much it resembles what we consider to be typical example of that event

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Overconfidence Phenomenon

A

Excessive confidence in the correctness of our own judgments.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

focusing effect

A

Emphasizing certain information while ignoring others.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

introspection

A

Reflecting on our own thoughts and experiences for self-knowledge.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

belief perseverance

A

Maintain beliefs despite contradictory factual information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

law of small numbers

A

Extreme outcomes likely with small sample sizes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

basic research

A

Expanding knowledge to develop theories.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

applied research

A

Solving practical problems using established theories.

15
Q

pseudoscience

A

Claims or beliefs misrepresented as scientific without proper methods.

16
Q

skepticism

A

Questioning spurious claims and conventional wisdom.

17
Q

empiricism

A

Testing ideas and admitting potential errors.

18
Q

nominal scale

A

Categorical data without numerical value.

19
Q

ordinal scale

A

Ranked data indicating order, not magnitude.

20
Q

science denialism

A

Refusal to accept established scientific findings.

21
Q

chacteristics of a good scientist

A

skepticism, openmindednes, objectivity, empiricism, creativity, communication

22
Q

ratio scale

A

Equally spaced data with an absolute zero point.

23
confirmation bias
we only look for evidence that confirms what we already believe, thereby strengthening the original belief
24
pleasure paradox
Analysis regarding a positive experience results in it becoming less enjoyable
25
anecdotal evidence
Overvaluing personal experiences over scientific data.
26
outliers
Cases that differ significantly from the majority.
27
interval scale
Equally spaced data points without a true zero.
28
openmidedness
Willingness to explore controversial or unpopular ideas.