chapter 1

Question 1

Heuristics

Answer 1

Mental shortcuts to simplify decision-making processes.

Question 2

Better Than Average Effect

Answer 2

Overestimating one’s skills compared to others.

Question 3

Hindsight Bias

Answer 3

The sense that we “knew it all along” after we learn of an actual outcome

Question 4

What You See is All There Is

Answer 4

Difficulty predicting outcomes based on immediate experiences.

Question 5

Scientific Method

Answer 5

Systematic approach for investigating questions.

Question 6

Objectivity

Answer 6

Avoiding personal biases in evaluating evidence.

Question 7

Creativity

Answer 7

Innovative thinking in scientific inquiry.

Question 8

Availability Heuristic

Answer 8

judging the likelihood of an event or situation occurring based on how easily we can think of similar or relevant instances

Question 9

Representative Heuristic

Answer 9

deciding the likelihood of an event based on how much it resembles what we consider to be typical example of that event

Question 10

Overconfidence Phenomenon

Answer 10

Excessive confidence in the correctness of our own judgments.

Question 11

focusing effect

Answer 11

Emphasizing certain information while ignoring others.

Question 12

introspection

Answer 12

Reflecting on our own thoughts and experiences for self-knowledge.

Question 12

belief perseverance

Answer 12

Maintain beliefs despite contradictory factual information

Question 13

law of small numbers

Answer 13

Extreme outcomes likely with small sample sizes.

Question 13

basic research

Answer 13

Expanding knowledge to develop theories.

Question 14

applied research

Answer 14

Solving practical problems using established theories.

Question 15

pseudoscience

Answer 15

Claims or beliefs misrepresented as scientific without proper methods.

Question 16

skepticism

Answer 16

Questioning spurious claims and conventional wisdom.

Question 17

empiricism

Answer 17

Testing ideas and admitting potential errors.

Question 18

nominal scale

Answer 18

Categorical data without numerical value.

Question 19

ordinal scale

Answer 19

Ranked data indicating order, not magnitude.

Question 20

science denialism

Answer 20

Refusal to accept established scientific findings.

Question 21

chacteristics of a good scientist

Answer 21

skepticism, openmindednes, objectivity, empiricism, creativity, communication

Question 22

ratio scale

Answer 22

Equally spaced data with an absolute zero point.

Question 23

confirmation bias

Answer 23

we only look for evidence that confirms what we already believe, thereby strengthening the original belief

Question 24

pleasure paradox

Answer 24

Analysis regarding a positive experience results in it becoming less enjoyable

Question 25

anecdotal evidence

Answer 25

Overvaluing personal experiences over scientific data.

Question 26

outliers

Answer 26

Cases that differ significantly from the majority.

Question 27

interval scale

Answer 27

Equally spaced data points without a true zero.

Question 28

openmidedness

Answer 28

Willingness to explore controversial or unpopular ideas.