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Thermodynamics > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

it can be defined as the science of energy

A

thermodynamics

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2
Q

can be viewed as the ability to cause changes

A

energy

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3
Q

therme and dynamis meaning

A

heat and power

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4
Q

law that states that energy can change from one form to another; energy cannot be created or destroyed

A

conservation of energy principle

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5
Q

the change in the energy content of a body is equal to the difference between the energy __________ and energy _________

A

input and output

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6
Q

is simply an expression of the conversation of energy principle, and it asserts that energy is a thermodynamic property.

A

first law of thermodynamics

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7
Q

asserts that energy has quality as well as quantity, and actual processes occur in the direction of decreasing quality of energy.

A

2nd law of thermodynamics

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8
Q

a substance consists of a large number of particles called _____________

A

molecules

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9
Q

the macroscopic approach that does not require a knowledge of the behavior of individual particles is called _____________. It is also in direct and easy way.

A

classical thermodynamics

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10
Q

A more elaborate approach, based on the average behavior of large groups of individual particles is called ______________

A

statistical thermodynamics

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11
Q

Any physical quantity can be characterized by ____________

A

dimensions

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12
Q

the magnitude assigned to dimension is called ________

A

units

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13
Q

basic dimensions such as mass, length, and temperature are selected as _________

A

primary or fundamental dimensions

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14
Q

dimensions such as velocity and volume which are expressed in terms of the primary dimensions are called ____________________

A

secondary or derived dimensions

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15
Q

two sets of units that are used today

A

SI and English system

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16
Q

also known as USCS (United States Customary System)

A

English System

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17
Q

also known as the International System

A

SI

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18
Q

is a simple and logical system based on a decimal relationship between the various units, and it is being used for engineering work including England.

A

SI (International System)

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19
Q

has no apparent systematic numerical base

A

English system

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20
Q

1 lbm = kg

A

0.454 kg

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21
Q

formula of newton’s 2nd law

A

F=ma

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22
Q

1 slug = lbm

A

32.174 lbm

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23
Q

1 lbf = lbm ft/s^2

A

32.2

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24
Q

1N = 1?

A

kg m/s^2

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25
Q

The weight of a unit volume of a substance is called the ____________

A

specific weight

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26
Q

specific weight formula

A

density x gravity

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27
Q

a form of energy which can be defined as force times distance therefore it is Newton dot meter

A

Work

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28
Q

1 J = 1?

A

1 N dot meter

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29
Q

are identically equal to 1 and are unitless

A

unity conversion ratios

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30
Q

is defined as a quantity of matter or a region in space chosen for a study

A

system

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31
Q

the mass or region outside the system is called

A

surroundings

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32
Q

the real or imaginary surface that separates the system from its surroundings is called

A

boundary

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33
Q

consists of a fixed amount of mass, and no mass can cross its boundary. in this, energy can cross the boundary

A

closed system

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34
Q

other term of closed system

A

control mass

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35
Q

energy and mass cannot cross the boundary

A

isolated system

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36
Q

both mass and energy can cross the boundary

A

open system or control volume

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37
Q

the boundaries of a control volume is called a _______. they can be real or imaginary.

A

control surface

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38
Q

what forms the imaginary part of a control surface

A

entrance and exit areas

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39
Q

any characteristic of a system is called a

A

property

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40
Q

those that are independent of the mass of a system, such as temperature, pressure, and density.

A

Intensive properties

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41
Q

temperature
pressure
density

A

Intensive properties

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42
Q

those whose values depends on the size of the system

A

Extensive Properties

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43
Q

mass
volume
momentum

A

Extensive Properties

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44
Q

extensive properties per unit mass are called

A

specific properties

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45
Q

it s defined as mass per unit volume

A

density

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46
Q

density of water in SI

A

1000 kg/m^3 or 1 kg/L

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47
Q

density of water in English

A

62.4 lbm/ft^3

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48
Q

the reciprocal of density is the

A

specific volume

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49
Q

defined as volume per unit mass

A

specific volume

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50
Q

the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of some standard substance at a specified temperature.

A

specific gravity or relative density

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51
Q

the weight of a unit volume of a substance is called

A

specific weight

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52
Q

specific weight of water in SI

A

9.81 kN/m^3

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53
Q

specific weight of water in English

A

62.4 lbf/ft^3

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54
Q

thermodynamics deals with ______________states. which implies a state in balance

A

equilibrium

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55
Q

temperature is the same throughout the entire system

A

thermal equilibrium

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56
Q

there is no change in pressure at any point of the system with time

A

mechanical equilibrium

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57
Q

mass of each phase reaches an equilibrium level and stays there

A

phase equilibrium

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58
Q

chemical composition does not change with time and there is no chemical reaction

A

chemical equilibrium

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59
Q

temperature and specific volume are

A

independent

60
Q

temperature and pressure are

A

dependent

61
Q

any change that a system undergoes from one equilibrium state to another is called a

A

process

62
Q

the series of states through which a system passes during a process is called the ________ of the process

A

path

63
Q

when a process proceeds in such a manner that the system remains infinitesimally close to an equilibrium state at all times, it is called a

A

quasistatic or quasi-equilibrium process

64
Q

can be viewed as sufficiently slow process that allows the system to adjust itself internally

A

quasi-equilibrium process

65
Q

if piston was compressed suddenly, molecules will pile up in front of the piston creating a high-pressure region there. because of this pressure difference, the system can no longer be said to be in equilibrium, this makes the entire process ______________

A

non-quasi equilibrium

66
Q

often used to designate a process for which a particular property remains constant.

A

iso-

67
Q

is a process during which the temperature T remains constant

A

isothermal process

68
Q

pressure P remains constant

A

isobaric process

69
Q

specific volume V remains constant

A

isochoric or isometric process

70
Q

a system is said to have undergone a ________ if it returns to its initial state at the end of the process

A

cycle

71
Q

at the point when heat transfer stops, the two bodies are said to have reached ______________

A

thermal equilibrium

72
Q

states that if two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with a third body, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other.

A

zeroth law of thermodynamics

73
Q

two bodies are in thermal equilibrium if both have the same temperature reading even if they are not in contact

A

zeroth law of thermodynamics

74
Q

freezing point is also called as

A

ice point

75
Q

boiling point is also called as

A

steam point

76
Q

temperature scale that is independent of the properties of any substance or substances

A

thermodynamic temperature scale

77
Q

the thermodynamic temperature scale in SI is

A

Kelvin

78
Q

boiling point of water in K

A

373

79
Q

boiling point of water in degrees C

A

100

80
Q

boiling point of water in degrees F

A

212

81
Q

freezing point of water in K

A

273

82
Q

freezing point of water in degrees C

A

0

83
Q

freezing point of water in degrees F

A

32

84
Q

absolute zero of water in K

A

0

85
Q

absolute zero of water in degrees C

A

-273

86
Q

absolute zero of water in degrees F

A

-459

87
Q

enable us to use a common basis for temperature measurements, and several have been introduced throughout history

A

temperature scales

88
Q

centrigade scale

A

celsius scale

89
Q

celsius scale is renamed after

A

A. Celsius

90
Q

Fahrenheit is renanamed after

A

G. Fahrenheit

91
Q

In celsius scale, ice and steam points were originally assigned the values _____ and _______

A

0 and 100

92
Q

Fahrenheit ice and steampoint

A

32 and 212

93
Q

temperature values are assigned at two different points

A

two-point scales

94
Q

it is developed in conjunction with 2nd law of thermodynamics

A

thermodynamic temperature scales

95
Q

thermodynamic temperature scale in SI

A

Kelvin

96
Q

Kelvin is named after

A

Lord Kelvin

97
Q

why is Rankine and Kelvin doesn’t have degrees?

A

since their lowest temperature is absolute zero and they cannot be negative

98
Q

Celsius to Kelvin formula

A

K = deg C + 273.15

99
Q

Fahrenheit to Rankine

A

R = deg F + 460

100
Q

Kelvin to Rankiine

A

R = 1.8 K

101
Q

Celsius to Fahrenheit

A

deg F = 1.8 deg C + 32

102
Q

normal force exerted by fluid per unit area

A

Pressure

103
Q

pressure only deals with ?(gas, liquid, or solid)

A

gas and liquid

104
Q

counterpart of pressure in solids

A

normal stress

105
Q

unit of pressure

A

N/m^2 or Pascal

106
Q

1 Pa = ? N/m^2

A

1

107
Q

different pressure units

A

bar
standard atmosphere
kilogram-force per square centimeter

108
Q

1 bar = 1? Pa = ? MPa = ? kPa

A

10^5 Pa
0.1 MPa
100 KPa

109
Q

1 atm = ? Pa

A

101, 325 Pa

110
Q

1 kgf/ cm^2 = ? N/cm^2

A

9.807 N/cm^2

111
Q

10^5 Pa = bar

A

1

112
Q

0.1 MPa = bar

A

1

113
Q

100 KPa = bar

A

1

114
Q

101, 325 Pa = atm

A

1

115
Q

1 atm = bar

A

1.01325 bar

116
Q

1.01325 bar = atm

A

1

117
Q

1 kgf/ cm^2 = N/m^2

A

9.807 x 10^4 N/m^2

118
Q

1 kgf/ cm^2 = Pa

A

9.807 x 10^4 Pa

119
Q

1 kgf/ cm^2 = bar

A

0.9807 bar

120
Q

1 kgf/ cm^2 = atm

A

0.9679 atm

121
Q

the actual pressure at a given position

A

absolute pressyre

122
Q

it is measured relative to absolute vacuum

A

absolute pressure

123
Q

difference between the absolute pressure and the local atmospheric pressure

A

gage pressure

124
Q

pressure below atmospheric pressure are called

A

vacuum pressures

125
Q

difference between the atmospheric pressure and the absolute pressure

A

vacuum pressure

126
Q

it is the negative gage pressure

A

vacuum pressure

127
Q

P gage =

A

P gage = P abs - Patm

128
Q

P vac =

A

P vac = P atm - P abs

129
Q

1 lb/ in^2 is also equivalent to 1?

A

psi

130
Q

the ______________ value of the atmospheric pressure is used when getting the absolute pressure

A

local

131
Q

pressure due to height formula

A

density x gravity x height (pgh)

132
Q

P = Patm + Pgage

Pgage can be rewritten as?

A

pgh (density x gravity x height)

so, P = Patm + pgh

133
Q

specific weight (y) formula

A

density x gravity (pg)

134
Q

change in P = P2 - P1 = pg(change in h) = specific weight x change in height

A

△P = P2 - P1 = pg△h = y△h

135
Q

△h is called?

A

pressure head

136
Q

pressure in fluid increases _____________ with depth

A

linearly

137
Q

for a given fluid, the vertical distance is sometimes used as a measure of pressure and it is called __________________

A

pressure head

138
Q

commonly used to measure small and moderate pressure differences

A

manometer

139
Q

A fluid column can be used to measure pressure differences and a device based on this principle is called

A

manometer

140
Q

consists of glass or plastic U-tube containing one or more fluids such as mercury, water, alcohol, or oil.

A

manometer

141
Q

pressure increases (downward or upward?)

A

downward

142
Q

two points at the same elevation in a continuous fluid at rest are at the (same or different?) pressure

A

same

143
Q

The last principle is a result of

A

Pascals’ Law

144
Q

allows us to jump from one fluid column to the next in manometers without worrying about pressure change as long as we don’t jump over a different fluid and the fluid is at rest

A

The last principle which is a result of Pascal’s law

145
Q
A

Thermodynamics (2 decks)

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