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chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

study of how living organisms function

A

physiology

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2
Q

maintenance of stable internal environment

A

homeostasis

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3
Q

disease situation, when physiology goes wrong

A

pathophysiology

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4
Q

specialized to generate mechanical force

A

muscle cells

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5
Q

three types of muscle cells

A

cardiac, skeletal, smooth

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6
Q

voluntary control, attacked to bone

A

skeletal muscle

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7
Q

involuntary control, in heart

A

cardiac muscle

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8
Q

involuntary control, in internal organs

A

smooth muscle

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9
Q

specialized to initiate, integrate, and conduct electrical signals to other cells, sometimes over long distances

A

neuron

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10
Q

brain, spinal cord, or peripheral nerves

A

nervous tissues

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11
Q

extensions from many neurons packaged together along with connective tissue

A

nerve

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12
Q

specialized for selective secretion, absorption, and protection

A

epithelial cells

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13
Q

classification of epithelial cells by shape

A

squamous, cuboidal, columnar, and ciliated

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14
Q

classification of epithelial cells by arrangement

A

simple or stratified

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15
Q

epithelial cells rest on an extracellular protein layer

A

basement membrane

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16
Q

the side anchored to the basement membrane

A

basolateral side

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17
Q

the opposite side of the basement membrane

A

apical side

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18
Q

connect, anchor, and support structures of body

A

connective tissue cells

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19
Q

connective-tissue cells are found in the loose meshwork of cells and fibers underlying most epithelial layers

A

loose connective tissue

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20
Q

the tough, rigid tissue that makes up tendons and ligaments

A

dense connective tissue

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21
Q

specialized connective tissue as it connects all systems of the body and transports oxygen, nutrients, and wastes

A

blood connective tissue

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22
Q

rigid and strong connective tissue with mineralized extracellular components that contribute to numerous body functions, including support, protection of organs, enabling movement, fat and mineral storage, and hematopoiesis

A

bone connective tissue

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23
Q

flexible but strong connective tissue that protects the bones and joints by reducing friction and working as a shock absorber

A

cartilage connective tissue

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24
Q

loose, specialized connective tissue that functions primarily in energy storage and release, temperature insulation, organ protection, and hormone secretion

A

adipose connective tissue

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25
surrounding the cell with extracellular fluid - consists on a mixture of proteins, polysaccharides, and in some cases, minerals - provides a scaffold for cellular - transmits information
extracellular matrix (ECM)
26
Some proteins of the ECM consist of fibers
collagen, elastin, mixture of nonfibrous proteins
27
composed of two or more tissue types
organs
28
collection of organs perform one function
organ systems
29
- heart, blood vessels, blood - transport blood throughout body
circulatory system
30
- mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, anus, pancreas, liver, gallbladder - digestion and absorption of nutrients and water; elimination of wastes
digestive system
31
- All glands or organs secreting hormones; pancreas, testes, ovaries, hypothalamus, kidneys, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, stomach, small intestine, liver, adipose tissue, heart, and pineal gland; and endocrine cells in other organs - Regulation and coordination of many activities in the body, including growth, metabolism, reproduction, blood pressure, water and electrolyte balance, and others
endocrine system
32
- white blood cells and their organs of production - defense against pathogens
immune system
33
- skin - protection against injury and dehydration; defense against pathogens; regulation of body temp
integumentary system
34
- lymph vessels, lymph nodes - collection of extracellular fluid for return to blood; participation in immune defenses; absorption of fats from digestive system
lymphatic system
35
-cartilage, bone, ligaments, tendons, joints, skeletal muscle - support, protection, and movement of the body; production of blood cells
musculoskeletal system
36
- brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves and ganglia, sense organs - Regulation and coordination of many activities in the body, including most of those regulated by the endocrine system; detection of and response to changes in the internal and external environments; states of consciousness; learning; memory; emotion; others
nervous system
37
- male: testes, penis, and association ducts and glands - female: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands - Male: production of sperm; transfer of sperm to female - Female: production of eggs; provision of a nutritive environment for the developing embryo and fetus; nutrition of the infant
reproductive system
38
- nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs - exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen; regulation of hydrogen ion concentration in the body fluids
respiratory system
39
- kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra - regulation of plasma composition through controlled exertion of ions, water, and organic wastes
urinary system
40
the water solution present in the body
body fluid
41
fluid inside cells (67% of total-body fluid)
intracellular fluid
42
fluid outside cells
extracellular fluid
43
liquid portion of blood (7% of total-body water)
plasma
44
fluid around and between cells (26% of total-body water)
interstitial fluid
45
achieved and maintained by barriers between compartments, such as cell membranes
compartmentalization
46
most physiological variables maintained within predictable and narrow normal range - physiological variables change dramatically over a 24-hour period, but still in overall balance
homeostasis
47
homeostasis refers to physiological variables in a state of____
dynamic constancy
48
homeostasis is not a ______
static process
49
body tries to maintain through homeostasis mechanisms
set point
50
compensating methods regulated and integrated
homeostatic control mechanisms
51
condition in which a variable is not changing, but energy must constantly be added to maintain a proper level
steady state
52
condition in which a variable is not changing, but no energy is needed to keep the variable constant
equilibrium
53
a common mechanism to control physiological processes
feedback loops and systems
54
move a variable opposite to the direction of its original change; commonly used
negative feedback
55
accelerated a process or moves a variable in the same direction of the original change; not a common mechanism
positive feedback
56
When the body temperature is restored to normal, there is a negative feedback signal sent that will then stop the act of shivering because it is no longer necessary to increase body temperature.
neg feedback example
57
population growth. As a population increases, the availability of resources may decrease, leading to intensified competition and further population growth, creating a cycle of exponential increase until a limiting factor is encountered.
positive feedback example
58
resetting a set point
- adaptive alteration of a set point - clashing demands
59
sometimes, in order to maintain a variable at its set point, it requires that other variables be moved away from homeostasis
resetting of a set point, clashing demands
60
regulatory mechanism that anticipates a change in a variable, before the change has occurred, and responds to the anticipated change to reduce deviation from the set point
feedforward regulation
61
specific, involuntary, unpremeditated, "built-in" response to a particular stimulus
reflex
62
a rapid, predictable, involuntary, unlearned response to a specific stimulus
basic reflex
63
a response appears automatic and predictable but is the result of learned behavior
learned/acquired reflex
64
pathway mediating a reflex
reflex arc
65
stimulus, receptor, afferent (incoming) pathway, integrating center, efferent (outgoing) pathway, and effector
components
66
often receives signals from various types of receptors, the output is the result of the total of many pieces of information
integrating center
67
major effectors of biological control centers
muscles and glands
68
can also be a receptor and an integrating center
glands
69
secreted by endocrine glands; travel through blood to their target cells
hormones
70
chemical messengers released from endings of neurons onto other neurons, muscle cells, or gland cells
neurotransmitters
71
chemical messengers that act on nearby target cells
paracrine substances
72
chemical messengers that act on cells that secreted them
autocrine substances
73
channels connecting cytosol between two cells, move molecules between adjunct cells without entering extracellular fluid
gap junctions
74
chemical messenger is not released but located in plasma membrane of that cell. the two cells contacting causes responding via membrane-bound messenger
juxtacrine signaling
75
characteristic that favors survival in specific environments
adaptation
76
improved functioning of an existing homeostatic system; may be due to prolonged exposure to an environmental change
acclimatization
77
cycles about every 24 hours
circadian rhythm
78
corrective responses - started after steady state of the individual has been disturbed
negative feedback homeostatic response
79
a rhythm that develops in absence of specific environmental stimuli
free-running rhythm
80
in hypothalamus, acts as pacemaker for circadian rhythms
suprachiasmatic nucleus
81
82
secreted by the pineal gland, is a hormone helps with sleep/wake cycles
melatonin
82
provide input of light and dark cycles to help entrain 24-hour cycles
eyes
83
two generalizations concerning balance concept
1. during any period of time, total-body balance depends upon the relative rated of net gain and net loss of body 2. pool concentration
84
three states of total-body balance are possible:
1. negative balance (loss > gain) 2. positive balance (gain > loss) 3. stable balance (gain = loss)
85
a determinant of and has co-evolved with function
structure

human physiology (3 decks)

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