Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy and Physiology Lecture > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are anatomy and physiology?

A

Anatomy and Physiology (A & P) are about human structure and function—the biology of the human body​

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the four ways of examining structure of the human body?

A
  • Inspection​
  • Palpation​
  • Auscultation​
  • Percussion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe Inspection.

A

Visual Examination of the body or looking at the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe Palpation.

A

Feeling the body with fingers or hands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe Auscultation.

A

Listening to sounds, usually with a stethoscope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe Percussion.

A

Producing sounds, usually by tapping on specific areas of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are some ways of studying human anatomy.​

A
  • Medical Imaging (Radiology)
  • Gross Anatomy
  • Histology
  • Histopathy
  • Cytology
  • Ultrastructure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe gross anatomy?

A

Study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye​

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe Histopathology?

A

Microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disease​

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe Cytology.

A

Study of structure and function of cells​

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe Ultrastructure

A

View detail under electron microscope​

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are some subdisciplines of Anatomy and Physiology?

A
  • Neurophysiology (physiology of nervous system)​
  • Endocrinology (physiology of hormones)​
  • Pathophysiology (mechanisms of disease)​
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe Neurophysiology?

A

Physiology of nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe Endocrinology

A

Physiology of hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe Pathophysiology.

A

Mechanisms of disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe comparative physiology.

A

Study of different species to learn about body functions ​(comparing and contrasting)

  • Basis for much of our understanding of human physiology and the development of new drugs and medical procedures​
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a Scientific Fact.

A

Information that can be independently verified​

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe the Law of Nature.

A
  1. Generalization about the way matter and energy behave ​
  2. Results from inductive reasoning and repeated observations​
  3. Written as verbal statement or mathematical formula​
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe Theory.

A

An explanatory statement or set of statements derived from facts, laws, and confirmed hypotheses​

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Who is Charles Darwin?

A

He is primarily known as the architect of the theory of evolution by natural selection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe Evolution?

A

Change in genetic composition of population of organisms; Example: development of bacterial resistance to antibiotics​

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe how evolution works.

A

Through Natural Selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How does Natural Selection occur?

A
  1. Selective pressures
  2. Adaptations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Describe how Adaptations promote evolution.

A

Adaptations are inherited features of anatomy and physiology that evolved in response to pressures and that enable organism to succeed; example: better camouflage​

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Describe how selective pressures promote evolution.

A

Selection pressures are forces that promote reproductive success of some individuals more than others; example: predators​

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Considering the hierarchy of complexity of life, which of the following levels is the most complex?

A

Organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Considering the hierarchy of complexity of life, which of the following levels is the least complex?

A

Subatomic particles

28
Q

Organism composed of:

A

Organ systems

29
Q

Organ systems composed of:

A

Organs

30
Q

Organs composed of:

A

Tissues

31
Q

Tissues composed of:

A

Cells

32
Q

Cells composed of:

A

Organelles

33
Q

Organelles composed of:

A

Molecules

34
Q

Molecules composed of:

A

Atoms

35
Q

Describe reductionism.

A

States that large, complex systems can be understood by studying their simpler components

36
Q

Describe Holism.

A

States that “emergent properties” of the whole organism cannot be predicted from the properties of the separate parts.

37
Q

What are some ways to characterize life?

A
  1. Organization
  2. Cellular composition
  3. Metabolism
  4. Responsiveness
  5. Movement
  6. Homeostasis
  7. Development
  8. Reproduction
  9. Evolution
38
Q

In terms of Metabolism, living things exhibit:

A

Internal Chemical Reactions

39
Q

In terms of responsiveness, living things have the ability:

A

Ability to sense and react to stimuli
(irritability or excitability)

40
Q

In terms of organization, living things exhibit:

A

Living things exhibit a higher level of organization than nonliving things

41
Q

In terms of Cellular composition, living matter is always:

A

Always compartmentalized into one or more cells

42
Q

Living things exhibit homeostasis by:

A

maintaining relatively stable internal
conditions

43
Q

Living things exhibit development by:

A

differentiation and growth

44
Q

Reproduction in living things involves:

A

Producing copies of themselves; passing
genes to offspring

45
Q

Evolution in living things involves:

A

changes in genes

46
Q

Physiological Variations include:

A

Sex, age, diet, weight, physical activity, genetics and environment

47
Q

Describe Homeostasis.

A

The ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it, and thereby maintain relatively stable internal conditions

48
Q

Negative feedback allows for:

A

Allows for dynamic equilibrium within a limited range around a set point. (The body senses a change and “negates” or reverses it)

49
Q

Loss of homeostatic control causes

A

illness or death

50
Q

Because feedback mechanisms alter the original changes that triggered them, they are called:

A

Feedback loops

51
Q

Homeostasis in body temperature: If too warm:

A

Vessels dilate in the skin and sweating begins (heat-losing mechanism)

52
Q

Homeostasis in body temperature: If too cold:

A

Vessels in the skin constrict and shivering begins (heat-gaining mechanism)

53
Q

Negative feedback and Homeostasis involves a receptor, Integrating (control) center, Effector. Describe the receptor.

A

The receptor is a structure that senses change in the body (e.g., stretch receptors above heart that monitor blood pressure)

54
Q

Negative feedback and Homeostasis involves a receptor, Integrating (control) center, Effector. describe the integrating (control center)

A

Integrating (control) center is the control center that processes
the sensory information, “makes a decision,” and directs the
response (e.g., cardiac center of the brain)

55
Q

Negative feedback and Homeostasis involves a receptor, Integrating (control) center, Effector. describe the Effector

A

Effector is the cell or organ that carries out the final corrective
action to restore homeostasis (e.g., the heart)

56
Q

Describe Postive Feedback.

A

It is a self-amplifying cycle. Leads to greater change in the same direction.

57
Q

For positive feedback, Feedback loop is:

A

repeated—change produces more
change

58
Q

What are some examples of life events that involve positive feedback?

A

Examples include: childbirth, blood clotting, protein
digestion, and generation of nerve signals

59
Q

Define Gradient

A

It is a difference in chemical concentration, charge,
temperature, or pressure between two points

60
Q

Positive feedback, can be dangerous. Examples will be:

A

Vicious circle of runaway fever

61
Q

Matter and energy tend to flow :

A

down gradients

62
Q

Movement in the opposite direction is “up the gradient”
and requires spending:

A

metabolic energy

63
Q

Who is the “Father of medicine”?

A

Hippocrates

64
Q

What did Aristotle believe?

A
  1. Believed diseases had supernatural or physical causes.
  2. Believed complex structures were built from simpler parts
65
Q

What did Robert Hooke contribute to modern medicine?

A
  1. Made many improvements to compound microscope—two
    lenses: ocular lens (eyepiece) and objective lens (near
    specimen)
  2. Published first comprehensive book of microscopy
    (Micrographia) in 1665
66
Q

What was Antony van Leeuwenhoek contribution to modern medicine?

A
  1. Invented a simple (single-lens) microscope with great
    magnification to look at fabrics (200X)
  2. Published his observations of blood, lake water, sperm,
    bacteria from tooth scrapings, and many other things

Anatomy and Physiology Lecture (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions