Chapter 1 Flashcards
What is Psychology?
the scientific study of the mind and behavior
Qualities of an education in psychology
Students hone critical thinking skills and are trained to use the scientific method
What is critical thinking?
the active application of a set of skills to information for the understanding and evaluation of that information
Who is Wundt and James?
they are credited as being the founders of psychology as a science and academic discipline
Freud’s influence on psychology
developed the psychoanalythic theory
What is Gestalt Psychology?
a person’s “whole” where sensory experiences can be broken down into individual parts, this co-relates to how a person responds to perception
behaviorism role in psychology’s history
dominted in experimental psychology therefore established psychology as a scientific discipline
Carl Rogers “Client Centered Therapy”
centers on what patients needs rather than hierarchy needs (works on self actualization)
What is humanism?
perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans
Who developed structures to humanism?
Abraham Maslow (Hierarchy of Needs)
Carl Rogers (Client-Centered Therapy)
cognitive revolution
interest in the mind being the focus of scientific inquiry
How does scientific research address questions about behavior?
helps psychologists understand behavior, as well as cognitive and physiological processes that underlie behavior
What’s the difference between cognitive and physiological?
cognitive deals with the mental aspect of the body while physiological deals with the body
empirical
it is a objective, tangible evidence that can be observed time and time again
scientific research importantance in making personal decisions
psychology helps us understand facts and opinions we have about ourselves
weakness of surveys
participants don’t give accurate responses
weakness of naturalistic observation
People may not feel comfortable answering questions and when people are watched, they are less likely to behave naturally
weakness of archival research
Research never interacts with participants and researchers have no control over what was originally collected
longitudinal approach to research
Research takes years, even decades so results will be delayed
attrition
participant drop outs due to the longevity of the research progress
correlation
relationship between two or more variables
causation
cause and affect relationship
correlation coefficient
is a number -1 to +1 that indicates that strength and direction of the relationship between variables
moon phase
causes people to act strangely
random sampling
A group or subset of a larger population
experimental group
gets experimental manipulation
control group
does not get the experimental manipulation
experimenter bias affect the result of an experiment
a possibility that the researcher’s expectations might skew (impair) the rest of the study
dependent variable
variables that the researcher measures to see how much effect the independent variable had
independent variable
variables that are influenced or controlled by the experimenter
considered the first psychologist
Wilhelm Wundt
three parts of the cognitive triangle
think, feel, behave
psychoanalytic theory
Sigmund Freud
psychoanalytic theory state
a persons unconscious and childhood experiences resurface and affect behavior
Gestalt’s empty chair method
placing a chair besides patients and have them imagine someone there to impact what they do or say
Skinner’s experiment results
behavior is rooted by reward and or punishment
APA
American Psychological Association
psychologists
talk to patients and can refer them to a psychiatrist
psychiatrists
talk to patients with the ability to prescribe medication
difference between a case study and clinical study
Case study is your own research and clinical study is more professional
illusory correlation
people believe relationships exist between two things when there is no relationship exist
James Lange Theory
psysilogical changes result in your feeling of fear
IRB (institutional review board)
group of professionals that you need approval from
theory of evolution
selection based of nature
informed consent
written description of what to expect during an experiment
animal testing
must not harm or mistreat animal patients
phenotype
inherited physical characteristics (outside)
gentotype
genetic makeup (DNA)
brain, spinal cord, nerves are part of
nervous system
CNS (central nervous system)
brain and spinal cord
PNS (peripheral nervous system)
nerves that carry messages back and forth
somatic body (CNS)
can control
autonnomic (PNS)
things we can’t control
Sympathetic
should I stay or should I go
parasympathatic
rest and digest
cell body, cell membrane, dendrite, axon, myelin, sheath, therminal buttons
nueron structure
neuron
cell of the nervous
does not correctly or effectively send information to neuron
MS (Myelin Sheath)
neuron transmittor that associates with reward system (happy drug)
dopamine
mimick neuron transmittor
agonist
blocks nueron transmittors
antagonist
posture, messages to and from brain stem, compromises vertebral connected to parts of body, location where cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is distrubuted that protects body is distributes nutrients
functions of spinal cord
right side of body, speech, memory, selective attention, emotions
left hemisphere
left side of body, perception, arousal, negative emotions
right hemisphere
corpus callosum
Heimsphere divided by neural fibers
side of brain, hearing, memory, emotion, and speech
temporal lobe
forward part of brain, language, thinking motor
frontal lobe
forward part of brain
prefrontal cortex
behind frontal lobe, responsible for body senses
parietal lobe
back of brain
occipital lobe
language comprehension
auditory cortex
understanding visual information
primary visual cortex
CT scan
series of x-rays of brain or body
fMRI
functional magnetic resonance imaging - track blood flow and oxygen levels
EEG (electroencephalography)
provide measure of brains, electric activity
hormones are produced; chemical messengers sending signals
glands
responsible for growth that branches out from hypothalamus
pituitary gland
secreted through bloodstream
hormones
Endorcine system
(organs) made up of glands - glands hold hormones
back of throat responsible for appetiteand metabolism
thyroid gland
