Chapter 1

Question 1

Define Evidence

Answer 1

Collection of facts that are believed to be true

Question 2

External Evidence

Answer 2

gained through rigorous research, intended to be generalized (RCTs)

Question 3

Internal Evidence

Answer 3

gained through practice, not intended to be generalized (outcome management projects)

Question 4

Define Quality Improvement

Answer 4

systematic approach to understanding desired patient outcomes

Question 5

What model is used in Quality Improvement

Answer 5

PDSA (Plan, Do, Study, Act)

Question 6

How is Quality Improvement different than Evidence-Based Quality Improvement

Answer 6

Quality Improvement relies on internal evidence and often does not involve a systematic search for a critical appraisal of evidence

Question 7

Define Instrumental Research

Answer 7

application in one’s practice; changes practice

Question 8

Define Conceptual Research

Answer 8

changes one’s thinking about practice; does not change practice

Question 9

Define Symbolic Research

Answer 9

legitimizes one’s position in discussion

Question 10

Define Evidence-Based Practice (EBP)

Answer 10

lifelong problem solving approach to delivery of healthcare to make best decisions about patient care

Question 11

what are the 3 components to EBP

Answer 11

1. a body of research (external evidence)
2. clinicians expertise (internal evidence)
3. patient’s preferences and values

Question 12

Why is EBP important to incorporate

Answer 12

without continuous EBP healthcare practices would become rapidly outdated

EBP leads to the quadruple aim in healthcare

Reduces escalating turnover rates in certain healthcare professions

Question 13

What is the quadruple aim in healthcare

Answer 13

1. better healthcare quality and safety
2. improve patient outcomes
3. reduce cost
4. empower clinicians

Question 14

How many steps are there in EBP process

Answer 14

7

Question 15

Name the 7 steps

Answer 15

0. develop a spirit of inquiry
1. ask question in PICOT format
2. systematically search and collect most relevant best evidence
3. clinical appraisal of evidence
4. integrate best evidence with clinical expertise and patient preferences
5. evaluate outcome of practice decision or change based on evidence
6. disseminate the outcome of the evidence-based decision or change

Question 16

Define spirt of inqu8iry

Answer 16

consistently questioning attitude toward practice

Question 17

What does PICOT stand for

Answer 17

Patient population
Intervention or Issue of interest
Comparison intervention
Outcome
Time frame

Question 18

What does PES stand for

Answer 18

Patient population
Experience
Situation

Question 20

How many levels are there in the “Rating System for the Hierarchy of Evidence for Intervention/Treatment Questions”

Answer 20

7

Question 21

Level I

Answer 21

systematic reviews or meta-analyses of RCTs

Question 22

Level II

Answer 22

single RCTs

Question 23

Level III

Answer 23

controlled trials without randomization

Question 24

Level IV

Answer 24

case-control and cohort studies

Question 25

Level V

Answer 25

systematic reviews of descriptive and qualitative studies

Question 26

Level VI

Answer 26

single descriptive or qualitative studies

Question 27

Level VII

Answer 27

opinion of authorities and/or reports of expert committees/panels

Question 28

What are the three phases when clinically appraising evidence

Answer 28

rapid critical appraisal

evaluation

synthesis

Question 29

What are the three things you need to ask during a rapid clinical appraisal

Answer 29

validity, reliability and applicability