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Psych Test (chapter 1-4) > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychological science

A

The study, through research of mind, brain, and behavior

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2
Q

meta-analysis

A

Studies that combine the results of many separate studies to look at the broader picture

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3
Q

independent variable

A
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4
Q

reactivity

A

the phenomenon that occurs when knowledge that one is being observed alters the behavior being observed

If your being watched- you change your actions

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5
Q

experimenter expectancy

A
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6
Q

random assignment

A
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7
Q

debriefing

A
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8
Q

neuron

A

the basic units of the nervous system; cells
that receive, integrate and transmit information in the nervous system

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9
Q

brain stem

A

an extension of the spinal cord and
houses the basic programs of survival

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10
Q

cerebellum

A

“little brain” is essential for coordination,
movement, balance, motor skills

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11
Q

obstructive sleep apnea

A

a person, while asleep, stops breathing
because his or her throat closes; the condition results in frequent awakenings during the night

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12
Q

narcolepsy

A

a sleep disorder in which people
experience excessive sleepiness during normal waking hours, sometimes going limp and collapsing

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13
Q

insomnia

A

inability to sleep that causes significant
problems in daily living

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14
Q

corpus callosum

A

a massive bridge of millions of
axons that connects the hemispheres and allows information to flow between them

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15
Q

change blindness

A

a failure to notice large changes in one’s environment
– Change blindness illustrates how selective an individual’s attention can be.

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16
Q

escapist behavior

A

a way to avoid, ignore, or distract oneself from reality or emotions.

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17
Q

stimulants

A

drugs that increase behavioral and mental
activity, and activate the sympathetic nervous system

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18
Q

depressants

A

drugs that reduce behavioral and mental activity by depressing the central nervous system

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19
Q

circadian rhythms

A
  • The regulation of biological cycles into regular, daily patterns
    ex) activity levels, body temp, sleeping
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20
Q

flow

A

total engagement in an act for its own
sake (not focused on reward or on escaping
one’s problems)

21
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

First man to call himself a phycologist

22
Q

William James

A

Physiology, philosopher
- principles of psychology (1890)
-Focused on the function of behavior
-“The Science of mental life.”

23
Q

Importance of critical thinking

A
24
Q

Subfields of psychology and possible topics of research

A
25
Q

The debate of nature vs. nurture

A

“Nature” means innate biological factors (namely genetics), while “nurture” can refer to upbringing or life experience more generally.

26
Q

Gestalt Theory

A

a theory based on the idea that the whole of
personal experience is different from the sum of its constituent element
-The perception of objects is subjective and dependent on context.

27
Q

Functionalism

A

an approach to psychology concerned with the function of mind and behavior.

28
Q

Structuralism

A

an approach to psychology based on the
idea that conscious experience can be broken down into its basic underlying components

29
Q

Psychoanalytic Theory

A

assumes that resistance and defense mechanisms prevent unconscious, unpleasant thoughts and feelings from becoming conscious

30
Q

4 primary goals of science and their purpose

A

Description: What is happening?
Explanation: Why is it happening?
Prediction: When will it happen again?
Control: How can it be changed?

31
Q

How hypotheses relate to theories

A

Hypothesis: a specific, testable prediction, narrower than the theory it is based on

Theory: a model of interconnected ideas or concepts that explains what is observed and makes predictions about future events

32
Q

The purpose of a literature view and preregistration of studies

A
33
Q

Descriptive study

A

research methods that involve observing behavior to describe that behavior objectively and systematically

34
Q

Correlational study

A
35
Q

Experiment

A
36
Q

Difference between psychologist and psychiatrist

A
  • Psychiatrists are medical doctors who provide diagnosis and therapy for persons with mental disorders.
  • Psychologists have academic degrees and can do counseling, teaching, and research and may specialize in any one of a large number of areas within psychology.
37
Q

Negative correlation

A
38
Q

Positive correlation

A
39
Q

The importance of replicating research

A
40
Q

basic parts of the nervous system

A
  • central nervous system
  • brain
  • spinal cord
41
Q

Automatic vs controlled processing

A

Automatic: Occurs when a task is so well learned that we can do it without much attention (walking, reading)
Controlled: slower than automatic processing, but helps with complex tasks (driving in the rain)

42
Q

According to Freud, Manifest Content and Latent Content of dreams

A

Manifest Content: the plot of a dream; the way the dream is remembered

Latent Content: what a dream symbolizes; the material disguised in a dream to protect the dreamer from confronting a conflict directly

43
Q

REM Sleep

A

the stage of sleep marked by rapid
eye movements, paralysis of motor systems,
and dreaming

The sleep cycle reverses after about 90 minutes, returning to stage 1.

44
Q

What major milestone in psychology occurred in 1879

A

established the first psychology
laboratory in Germany.
- Tried to understand the structures of consciousness

45
Q

What part of the nervous system “wakes up” the body

A

Sympathetic division

46
Q

What part of the nervous system “relaxes” the body

A

Parasympathetic division

47
Q

Be able to label the following parts of a neuron (cell body, dendrite, myeline sheath,
axon, terminal buttons)

A
48
Q

What are the big 3 neurotransmitters?

A

reuptake: Neurotransmitter is reabsorbed into the presynaptic terminal buttons.

enzyme deactivation: Enzyme destroys the neurotransmitter

autoreception: signals the presynaptic neuron to stop releasing the neurotransmitter

Psych Test (chapter 1-4) (1 decks)

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