Chapter 1

Question 1

Psychological science

Answer 1

The study, through research of mind, brain, and behavior

Question 2

meta-analysis

Answer 2

Studies that combine the results of many separate studies to look at the broader picture

Question 3

independent variable

Question 4

reactivity

Answer 4

the phenomenon that occurs when knowledge that one is being observed alters the behavior being observed

If your being watched- you change your actions

Question 5

experimenter expectancy

Question 6

random assignment

Question 7

debriefing

Question 8

neuron

Answer 8

the basic units of the nervous system; cells
that receive, integrate and transmit information in the nervous system

Question 9

brain stem

Answer 9

an extension of the spinal cord and
houses the basic programs of survival

Question 10

cerebellum

Answer 10

“little brain” is essential for coordination,
movement, balance, motor skills

Question 11

obstructive sleep apnea

Answer 11

a person, while asleep, stops breathing
because his or her throat closes; the condition results in frequent awakenings during the night

Question 12

narcolepsy

Answer 12

a sleep disorder in which people
experience excessive sleepiness during normal waking hours, sometimes going limp and collapsing

Question 13

insomnia

Answer 13

inability to sleep that causes significant
problems in daily living

Question 14

corpus callosum

Answer 14

a massive bridge of millions of
axons that connects the hemispheres and allows information to flow between them

Question 15

change blindness

Answer 15

a failure to notice large changes in one’s environment
– Change blindness illustrates how selective an individual’s attention can be.

Question 16

escapist behavior

Answer 16

a way to avoid, ignore, or distract oneself from reality or emotions.

Question 17

stimulants

Answer 17

drugs that increase behavioral and mental
activity, and activate the sympathetic nervous system

Question 18

depressants

Answer 18

drugs that reduce behavioral and mental activity by depressing the central nervous system

Question 19

circadian rhythms

Answer 19

• The regulation of biological cycles into regular, daily patterns
  ex) activity levels, body temp, sleeping

Question 20

flow

Answer 20

total engagement in an act for its own
sake (not focused on reward or on escaping
one’s problems)

Question 21

Wilhelm Wundt

Answer 21

First man to call himself a phycologist

Question 22

William James

Answer 22

Physiology, philosopher
- principles of psychology (1890)
-Focused on the function of behavior
-“The Science of mental life.”

Question 23

Importance of critical thinking

Question 24

Subfields of psychology and possible topics of research

Question 25

The debate of nature vs. nurture

Answer 25

“Nature” means innate biological factors (namely genetics), while “nurture” can refer to upbringing or life experience more generally.

Question 26

Gestalt Theory

Answer 26

a theory based on the idea that the whole of personal experience is different from the sum of its constituent element -The perception of objects is subjective and dependent on context.

Question 27

Functionalism

Answer 27

an approach to psychology concerned with the function of mind and behavior.

Question 28

Structuralism

Answer 28

an approach to psychology based on the idea that conscious experience can be broken down into its basic underlying components

Question 29

Psychoanalytic Theory

Answer 29

assumes that resistance and defense mechanisms prevent unconscious, unpleasant thoughts and feelings from becoming conscious

Question 30

4 primary goals of science and their purpose

Answer 30

Description: What is happening? Explanation: Why is it happening? Prediction: When will it happen again? Control: How can it be changed?

Question 31

How hypotheses relate to theories

Answer 31

Hypothesis: a specific, testable prediction, narrower than the theory it is based on Theory: a model of interconnected ideas or concepts that explains what is observed and makes predictions about future events

Question 32

The purpose of a literature view and preregistration of studies

Question 33

Descriptive study

Answer 33

research methods that involve observing behavior to describe that behavior objectively and systematically

Question 34

Correlational study

Question 35

Experiment

Question 36

Difference between psychologist and psychiatrist

Answer 36

- Psychiatrists are medical doctors who provide diagnosis and therapy for persons with mental disorders. - Psychologists have academic degrees and can do counseling, teaching, and research and may specialize in any one of a large number of areas within psychology.

Question 37

Negative correlation

Question 38

Positive correlation

Question 39

The importance of replicating research

Question 40

basic parts of the nervous system

Answer 40

- central nervous system - brain - spinal cord

Question 41

Automatic vs controlled processing

Answer 41

Automatic: Occurs when a task is so well learned that we can do it without much attention (walking, reading) Controlled: slower than automatic processing, but helps with complex tasks (driving in the rain)

Question 42

According to Freud, Manifest Content and Latent Content of dreams

Answer 42

Manifest Content: the plot of a dream; the way the dream is remembered Latent Content: what a dream symbolizes; the material disguised in a dream to protect the dreamer from confronting a conflict directly

Question 43

REM Sleep

Answer 43

the stage of sleep marked by rapid eye movements, paralysis of motor systems, and dreaming The sleep cycle reverses after about 90 minutes, returning to stage 1.

Question 44

What major milestone in psychology occurred in 1879

Answer 44

established the first psychology laboratory in Germany. - Tried to understand the structures of consciousness

Question 45

What part of the nervous system “wakes up” the body

Answer 45

Sympathetic division

Question 46

What part of the nervous system “relaxes” the body

Answer 46

Parasympathetic division

Question 47

Be able to label the following parts of a neuron (cell body, dendrite, myeline sheath, axon, terminal buttons)

Question 48

What are the big 3 neurotransmitters?

Answer 48

reuptake: Neurotransmitter is reabsorbed into the presynaptic terminal buttons. enzyme deactivation: Enzyme destroys the neurotransmitter autoreception: signals the presynaptic neuron to stop releasing the neurotransmitter