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Cognitive Psychology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are these:

laboratory/other controlled experiments psychobiological research
self-reports
case studies
naturalistic observation
computer simulations and artificial intelligence

A

Research Methods in Cognitive Psychology

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2
Q

Fundamental Ideas in Cognitive Psychology

According to this, data in cognitive psychology can be fully understood only in the context of an
explanatory theory, and theories are empty without empirical data.

A

“Empirical data and theories are both important”

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3
Q

It is the capacity to learn from experience, using metacognitive processes (planning, monitoring, problem-solving), the ability to adapt to the surrounding environment.

A

Intelligence

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4
Q

These are the three models of intelligence that are particularly useful when linking human intelligence to cognition:

A
  1. the three-stratum model,
  2. the theory of multiple intelligences
  3. the triarchic theory of intelligence.
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5
Q

Fundamental Ideas in Cognitive Psychology

According to this, we can perceive, learn, remember, reason, and solve problems with great accuracy. Our memories and reasoning processes, for example, are susceptible to certain well-identified, systematic errors.

A

“Cognition is generally adaptive, but not in all specific instances”

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6
Q

According to this, a stimulus will tend to produce a certain response over time if an organism is rewarded for that response.

A

Law of Effect

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7
Q

This term is used to describe a person’s ability to adapt to a variety of challenges in diverse cultures

e.g. eye contact, body language, personal space/boundaries, punctuality, removing your shoes before entering one’s house

A

Cultural Intelligence (CQ)

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8
Q

A distinctive research method that engages in intensive study of single individuals, drawing general conclusions about behavior

A

Case studies

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9
Q

Behaviorists regarded the mind as a _______, which is best understood by its input and
output, but whose internal processes cannot be accurately described because they are not
observable.

A

black box

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10
Q

It is a deliberate looking inward at pieces of information passing through consciousness. (reporting their thoughts, gaining insight).

A

Introspection

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11
Q

Through this, we can decide to retain or reject hypotheses

A

statistical significance

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12
Q

He proposed the concept of cell assemblies (group of neurons that act together in processing a task) as the basis for learning in the brain.

A

DONALD HEBB (1949)

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13
Q

He suggested that soon it would be hard to distinguish the communication of machines from that of humans.

A

ALAN TURING (1950)

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14
Q

He considered the brain to be an active, dynamic organizer of behavior.

A

KARL SPENCER LASHLEY (1890–1958)

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15
Q

the key to understanding the human mind and behavior was to study the processes of how
and why the mind work (_________) rather than studying the structural contents
and elements of the mind (_______).

A

functionalism; structuralism

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16
Q

a tentative proposal /assumption

A

Hypothesis

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17
Q

a SCHOOL OF THOUGHT that seeks to understand the structure (configuration of
elements) of the mind and its perceptions by analyzing those perceptions into their constituent components (affection, attention,
memory, sensation, etc.)

A

STRUCTURALISM

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18
Q

He was known for pragmatic approach to thinking and schooling.

A

JOHN DEWEY

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19
Q

He believes that the route to knowledge is through thinking and logical analysis (reason).

A

Plato (RATIONALISM)

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20
Q

A distinctive research method that uses participants’ reports, self-rating, diaries, own
recollection

A

self-reports

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21
Q

__________ believed that an organism learns to respond in a given way (the effect) in a given situation if it is rewarded repeatedly for doing so.

A

Thorndike

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22
Q

According to him, intelligence comprises multiple independent constructs, eight distinct intelligences that are relatively independent of
each other.

A

HOWARD GARDNER (Theory of Multiple Intelligences)

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23
Q

He was the forefather of modern cognitive psychology, thinking that understanding behavior required taking into account the
purpose of, and the plan for, the behavior.

A

EDWARD TOLMAN (1886–1959)

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24
Q

It is a rapid decline in memory retention over time.

A

Forgetting Curve

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25
Q

________ would design experiments and conduct studies in which they could observe the behavior and processes of interest to them.

A

Empiricists

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26
Q

He was known for behaviorism and classical conditioning.

A

IVAN PAVLOV (1849–1936)

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27
Q

He developed the _________ by which a computer program would be judged as successful to the extent that its output was indistinguishable, by humans, from the output of humans

A

Turing test

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28
Q

According to __________, acquisition of knowledge is possible through experience and observation.

A

Aristotle (EMPIRICISM)

29
Q

It is a SCHOOL OF THOUGHT which believes that knowledge is validated by its usefulness: What can you do with it?

Knowing what people do; they also want to know what we can do with our knowledge of
what people do

A

PRAGMATISTS/PRAGMATISM

30
Q

Fundamental Ideas in Cognitive Psychology

According to this, all cognitive processes need to be studied through a variety of methods (scientific)

A

“Cognition needs to be studied through a variety of scientific methods”

31
Q

A _______ does not need any experiments to develop new knowledge.

A

rationalist

32
Q

__________ is speed and accuracy of abstract reasoning, especially for novel problems. (e.g. comprehension, problem-solving, and learning)

A

Fluid ability

33
Q

He was the first experimenter to apply associationist principles systematically. He studied how people learn and remember material through rehearsal (the conscious repetition of material to be learned).

A

HERMANN EBBINGHAUS (1850–1909)

34
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

More than understanding people’s behavior, some psychologists wanted to know what went on inside the head.

A

TRUE

35
Q

3 Different Kinds of Components:

A
  1. METACOMPONENTS—higher-order executive processes (e.g. planning, monitoring, and evaluating when writing a term paper.
  2. PERFORMANCE COMPONENTS—lower-order processes used for implementing the commands of the metacomponents (e.g actual writing).
  3. KNOWLEDGE-ACQUISITION COMPONENTS—the processes used for learning how to solve the problems in the first place (to learn
    about the topic).
36
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

It often proved easier to use the techniques of behaviorism in studying nonhuman animals than in studying human ones.

A

TRUE

37
Q

A distinctive research method that obtains
samples of performance at a particular time and place

A

laboratory or other controlled experiment

38
Q

He was a leader in guiding functionalism toward
pragmatism, his chief functional contribution: Principles of Psychology.

A

WILLIAM JAMES

39
Q

A distinctive research method that studies animal brains and human brains / use of measures or imaging techniques

A

psychobiological research

40
Q

In the The Triarchic Theory of Intelligence, __________ are used to generate novel ideas.

A

Creative abilities

41
Q

According to this view, we cannot fully understand behavior when we only break phenomena down into smaller parts–psychological phenomena when we view them as organized, structured.

“The Whole Is More Than the Sum of Its Parts”

A

Gestalt Psychology

42
Q

It is a SCHOOL OF THOUGHT about the relation between observable behavior and environmental events or stimuli.

A

BEHAVIORISM

43
Q

He noted that learning appears to result not merely from direct rewards for behavior, but it also can be social, resulting from observations of the rewards or punishments given to others.

A

ALBERT BANDURA (Social Learning Theory)

44
Q

Plato posits a three-way division within the self / human soul:

A
  • the rational soul (mind or intellect),
  • the spirited soul (courage, will or
    volition)
  • the appetitive soul
45
Q

Fundamental Ideas in Cognitive Psychology

According to this, memory processes depend on perceptual processes; what you remember depends in part on what you perceive. Noncognitive processes also interact with cognitive ones (you learn better when you are motivated to learn, teamwork, resilience)

A

“Cognitive processes interact with each other and with noncognitive processes”

46
Q

_________ include data gathering, data analysis, theory development, hypothesis formulation, hypothesis testing, and perhaps even application to settings outside the research environment.

A

Goals of Research

47
Q

He was a British Empiricist who has enthusiasm for empirical observation

“humans are born without knowledge & therefore must seek knowledge through empirical observation.”
( tabula rasa = blank slate)

A

JOHN LOCKE

48
Q

the branch of psychology that
focuses on how people perceive, learn, remember and think about information.

A

Cognitive Psychology

49
Q

Fundamental Ideas in Cognitive Psychology

According to this, for example, a basic finding from research on memory is that learning is
superior when it is spaced out over time rather than crammed into a short time interval.

A

“All basic research in cognitive psychology may lead to applications, and all applied research may lead to basic understandings”

50
Q

In the The Triarchic Theory of Intelligence, __________ are used to implement the ideas and persuade others of their value.

A

Practical abilities

51
Q

__________ is accumulated knowledge and vocabulary

A

Crystallized ability

52
Q

He said that intelligence comprises a hierarchy of cognitive abilities comprising three strata:

Stratum I includes many narrow, specific abilities (e.g., spelling ability, speed of reasoning).

Stratum II includes various broad abilities (e.g., fluid intelligence, crystallized intelligence, short-term memory, long-term storage and retrieval,
information, processing speed).

Stratum III is just a single general intelligence (sometimes called g) (use of IQ test, academic performance)

A

JOHN CAROLL (1993)

53
Q

He was a German Philosopher that stated that rationalism & empiricism must work together in the quest for truth.

A

IMMANUEL KANT

54
Q

It is an organized body of general explanatory principles regarding a phenomenon, usually based on observations (e.g. Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development)

A

Theory

55
Q

He was a German psychologist who contributed to the development of structuralism (the FOUNDER himself) and used a variety of methods in his research such as Introspection.

A

WILHELM WUNDT

56
Q

He emphasized the extent to which they work together in his triarchic theory of human intelligence; intelligence comprises three aspects: creative, analytical, and practical.

A

ROBERT J. STERNBERG (The Triarchic Theory of
Intelligence)

57
Q

He was a French rationalist that viewed the introspective, reflective method as superior to empirical methods for finding the truth.

(His first principle: “cogito, ergo sum” (I
think, therefore I am))

A

RENÉ DESCARTES

58
Q

Associations may result from:

A
  • CONTIGUITY (associating things that tend to occur together at about the same
    time);

-SIMILARITY (associating things with similar features or properties); or

-CONTRAST (associating things that show polarities, such as hot/cold, light/dark,
day/night).

59
Q

________ and _________ are critical for retaining information over time

A

Repetition; reinforcement

60
Q

In the The Triarchic Theory of Intelligence, __________ ascertain whether your ideas (and those of others) are good ones. (e.g. data analysis, logical thinking)

A

Analytical abilities

61
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Behaviorism accounted as well for complex mental activities such as language learning and problem solving.

A

FALSE

62
Q

A distinctive research method that involves observation of real-life situations, as in classrooms, work settings, or homes

A

naturalistic observation

63
Q

It is the belief that much of human behavior can be understood in terms of how people think, rejecting the notion that psychologists should avoid studying mental processes because they are unobservable.

A

Cognitivism

64
Q

Critiques gave rise to this new movement; it seeks to understand what people do and why they do it.

A

FUNCTIONALISM

65
Q

It is a SCHOOL OF THOUGHT that examines how elements of the mind, like events or ideas, can become associated with one another in the mind to result in a form of learning.

A

ASSOCIATIONISM

66
Q

In 1950, ____________ took place in response to behaviorism.

A

cognitive revolution

67
Q

He held that the role of “satisfaction” is the key to forming associations.

A

EDWARD LEE THORNDLIKE (1874–1949)

68
Q

A distinctive research method that attempts to make computers simulate human cognitive
performance on various tasks

A

computer simulations and artificial intelligence

69
Q

______________ is the attempt by humans to construct systems that show intelligence and, particularly, the intelligent processing of information

A

Artificial intelligence (AI)

Cognitive Psychology (2 decks)

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