chapter 1

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Refers to that body of numerical facts of any kind

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plural sense

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the process of determining the value or label of a particular for a particular experimental unit.

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measuremnet

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What are the levels of measurement

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*ratio
*interval
*ordinal
*nominal

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Observations can be named without particular order or ranking imposed on the data. Words, letters, and even numbers are used to classify data.

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nominal

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provides number that reflects differences among item without no absolute zero score. The order and difference between the variables can be known.

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interval

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Describes ranking or order. The difference or ratio between two rankings may not always be the same.

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ordinal

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The order and difference can be described. Additionally, it has a true zero and the ratio between two points has a meaning.

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ratio

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data that can be counted, e.g., number of patients
in a hospital, number of students who obtained 1.0
grade in MMW. These data assume only a
countable number of values

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discrete data

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is a characteristic of interest measurable on each and every individual in a given sample or population

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variable

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data that can be measured, e.g., systolic blood
pressure, weight and height. These data result from
infinitely many possible values that can be
associated with points on a continuous scale in such
a way that there are no gaps or interruptions

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continuous data

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Value of the variable

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data

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consist of numbers representing counts or
measurements
Ex: Grades, Height, Weight, Income, Age

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quantitative variables

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Collection of all observations that is
analyzed and summarized for presentation
and interpretation

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data

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Information that relates to the
operations and functions of the
organization collecting the data.

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internal data

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Relates to some activity outside the
organization collecting the data.

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external data

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Branch of science which
deals with the collection,
organization, analysis and
interpretation of data.

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singular sense

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or categorical variables can be separated
into different categories that are
distinguished by some nonnumeric
characteristics

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qualitative variables

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Data measured by the researcher or
agency that published it
Ex. Number of confirmed CoVid 19 cases
reported by WHO.

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primary source

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Any republication of data by another
agency
Ex. All subsequent journals of other
agencies

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secondary source

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what are the steps of singular sense

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Collection
Analysis
Organization
Presentation
interpretation

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open ended, close
– ended , rating, likert scale

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questionnaires

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overt, covert

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observation

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increasing/decreasing in row/column

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array

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written works or published material

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textual

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presentation used graphics

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graphical

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the presentation is table

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tabular

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in organization 1st digit is the

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steam

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only one variable to analyze

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univariate

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two variable to be analyzed

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bivariate

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in organization 2nd digit would be

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leaf

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3 or more variables

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multivariate

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summary of all the process in statistics

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interpretation

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describing the data

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descriptive statistics

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consist of totality of the observations with which we are concerned

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population

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what is this symbol x̄

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x bar

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concerns on generalizing from samples to population by performing hypothesis

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inferential statistics

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is a subset of population

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sample

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what is this symbol “μ”

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MU

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technique or methods of collecting information from a portion of population

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sampling

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it should be intuitively reasonable that the size of a sample should influence how accurately the sample represents its population

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sample size

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any numerical value describing a characteristic of a population

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parameter

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any numerical value describing a characteristic of a sample

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statistic