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chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

INFO AGE
what’s a catalyst?

A

Low-cost computers
High-speed communication networks

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2
Q

INFO AGE
what new technologies continued to emerge?

A

– Smartphones
– Video streaming services
– Voice-activated digital assistants
– Low-cost drones
– Self-driving cars

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3
Q

what is the information age?

A

Unprecedented access to information in modern era

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4
Q

Impact of Modern Computing and
Communications Systems

what was the world like in 1950?

A

– Only a handful of electronic digital computers
– Internet did not exist

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5
Q

Impact of Modern Computing and
Communications Systems

whats the contemporary world?

A

– Networked devices containing embedded
microprocessors surround us
– We engage with these devices for hours each day

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6
Q

Our Relationship with Technology

whats the Dynamic between people, technology

A
  • People create, adopt technology
  • Once adopted, technology changes society
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7
Q

Our Relationship with Technology

how can using technology change people?

A

– Experiences cause physical changes in brains (e.g.,
London taxi drivers)

– Getting information releases dopamine in brain,
producing a desire to seek out additional information

– Experiences with technology can have psychological
effects, too (e.g., dependency on cell phones)

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8
Q

what group selectively adopted new technologies?

A

Amish

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9
Q

Our Relationship with Technology

Technologies solve problems, but may create new problems what are those problems?

A

– Automobiles
▪ Greater mobility
▪ Traffic jams

– Web
▪ Supports valuable information retrieval tools
▪ Children may be exposed to inappropriate content

– Low-cost international communication
▪ Global access to news, entertainment
▪ Jobs outsourced to less expensive labor markets

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10
Q

what where the themes of social technological cycles?

A
  • Social conditions can lead to creation and adoption of new
    information technologies
  • Adopting new information technologies can change social
    conditions
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11
Q

Aids to Manual Calculating

what type of tablets were used to record numbers?

A

– Clay, wax tablets (ancient times)
– Slates (late Middle Ages)
– Paper tablets (19th century to present)

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12
Q

Aids to Manual Calculating

how did the abacus preform arithmetic?

A

– Rods or wires in rectangular frame
– Lines drawn on a counting board

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13
Q

Aids to Manual Calculating

what type of mathematical tables came along?

A

– Tables of logarithms (17th century)
– Income tax tables (today)

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14
Q

Early Mechanical Calculators

what were the pros and cons of Calculators of Pascal and Leibniz (17th century)

A

– Worked with whole numbers
– Unreliable

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15
Q

Early Mechanical Calculators

what did Arithmometer of de Colmar (19th century) do?

A

– Took advantage of advances in machine tools
– Adopted by insurance companies

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16
Q

Early Mechanical Calculators

what did Printing calculator of Scheutzes (19th century) do?

A

– Used method of differences pioneered by Babbage
– Adopted by Dudley Observatory in New York
– Completed astronomical calculations

17
Q

Social Change → Market for Calculators

what was the Gilded Age (late 19th century America)

A

– Rapid industrialization
– Economic expansion
– Concentration of corporate power

18
Q

Social Change → Market for Calculators

what did new larger corporations do/need?

A

– Multiple layers of management
– Multiple locations
– Needed up-to-date, comprehensive, reliable, and
affordable information

19
Q

Calculator Adoptions → Social Change

what did a Fierce market do?

A

– Continuous improvements in size, speed, ease of use
– Sales increased rapidly

20
Q

Calculator Adoptions → Social Change

“Deskilling” and feminization of bookkeeping what does it mean?

A

– People of average ability quite productive
– Calculators 6 faster than adding by hand
– Wages dropped
– Women replaced men

21
Q

Cash Register

what did smaller stores evolve into in the 1800’s

A

In late 1800s smaller stores evolved into “department
stores” with multiple departments

22
Q

Cash Register

what did department store owners face that were challenging?

A

– Keeping accurate sales records
– Preventing embezzlement from clerks

23
Q

Cash Register

Response to problems: cash register
how did cash registers help?

A

– Created printed, itemized receipts
– Maintained printed log of transactions
– Rang bell every time drawer was opened

24
Q

Punched Card Tabulation

what were punch cards(late 19th century)?

A

– One record per card
– Cards could be sorted into groups, allowing
computation of subtotals by categories

25
Q

Punched Card Tabulation

Early adopters of the punch card?

A

– U.S. Bureau of the Census
– Railroads
– Retail organizations
– Heavy industries

26
Q

Tabulators → Data-Processing Systems

what did data processing systems do?

A

– Receives input data
– Performs one or more calculations
– Produces output data

27
Q

Tabulators → Data-Processing Systems

how are punch cards similar to data processing systems?

A

– Stored input data and intermediate results
– Stored output
– On most sophisticated systems, also stored programs

28
Q

IBM and the Holocaust

what were the ties that ibm had with nazi germany?

A

IBM CEO Watson ignored anti-Semitic violence, creation
of concentration camps

IBM expanded German subsidiary and sought contracts
with German government

Nazis used IBM machines to conduct censuses, generate
lists of Jews

Lists facilitated seizure of assets and deportation to
concentration camps

29
Q

who where the Precursors of Commercial Computers

A
  • Atanasoff-Berry Computer: vacuum tubes
  • ENIAC: externally programmed with wires
  • EDVAC: program stored in memory
  • Small-Scale Experimental Machine: CRT memory
30
Q

First Commercial Computers and who used them

A
  • Remington-Rand
    – Completed UNIVAC in 1951
    – Delivered to U.S. Bureau of the Census
    – Predicted winner of 1952 Presidential election
  • IBM
    – Larger base of customers
    – Far superior sales and marketing organization
    – Greater investment in research and development
    – Dominated mainframe market by mid-1960s
31
Q

what different programming languages were used

A
  • Assembly language
    – Symbolic representations of machine instructions
    – Programs just as long as machine language programs
  • FORTRAN
    – First higher-level language (shorter programs)
    – Designed for scientific applications
  • COBOL
    – U.S. Department of Defense standard
    – Designed for business applications
32
Q

Time-Sharing Systems and BASIC

what is time sharing systems and B A S I C

A
  • Time-Sharing Systems
    – Divide computer time among multiple users
    – Users connect to computer via terminals
    – Cost of ownership spread among more people
    – Gave many more people access to computers
  • BASIC
    – Developed at Dartmouth College
    – Simple, easy-to-learn programming language
    – Popular language for teaching programming
33
Q

Transistor

what is a Transistor

A
  • Replacement for vacuum tube
  • Invented at Bell Labs (1948)
34
Q

Transistor

what did the semiconductor do

A
  • Semiconductor
    – Faster
    – Cheaper
    – More reliable
    – More energy efficient
35
Q

Integrated Circuit

what are intergrated circuits

A
  • Semiconductor containing transistors, capacitors, and
    resistors
  • Invented at Fairchild Semiconductor and Texas
    Instruments
36
Q

Integrated Circuit

advantages over parts?

A

– Smaller
– Faster
– More reliable
– Less expensive

37
Q

IBM System/360
Before System/360?

A

– IBM dominated mainframe marked in 1960s
– IBM computers were incompatible
– Switch computers → rewrite programs

38
Q

IBM System/360

what is System/360

A

– Series of 19 computers with varying levels of power
– All computers could run same programs
– Upgrade without rewriting programs

39
Q
A

computer ethics (2 decks)

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