Chapter 1 Flashcards
Who was the first recorded physician?
Imhotep
Who was the “Father of Western medicine”
Hippocrates
Who was the father of toxicology
Paracelsus
What did Paracelsus say about drugs being poison
The dose makes the poison
Define pharmacodynamics
What the drug does to the body
Define pharmacokinetics
(ADME) What the body does to the drug
(Half life of the drug, can it cross BBB)
Define pharmacogenomics
Looks at genetic profile to determine how you will respond to a drug
Define agonist
Drug molecule that binds to and activates receptor
Define antagonist
Antagonist blocks the endogenous ligand from binding or it blocks that receptor from functioning
What is the difference between toxins and poisons?
Poisons are non-biologic (arsenic or lead)
Toxins are biological substances (puffer fish or mushrooms)
Define toxicology
Study of the side effects and adverse effects of chemicals on living systems
Define allosteric molecules
Drug molecules that bind to the same receptor as agonists and may enhance or inhibit action of agonist molecule. Non competitive, doesn’t bind to same site as agonist
Orthosteric molecules
Drug molecules that binds to same active site as agonist. Usually competitive
What causes drugs to interact with their receptors. (Physical traits)
-size
-shape
-atomic composition
-electrical charge
Drugs can be solid, liquid or gas
Describe the relative bond strengths
Covalent: strongest bond
Electrostatic: hydrogen bonding, van der waal forces (middle)
Hydrophobic- weakest
Define racemic mixture and correlate stereoisomerism and differences in drug effects
A racemic mixture is the combination of several different optical isomers. Stereoisomers have the same chemical makeup but will have different effects.
(S ketamine and R ketamine)
Define receptor
Receptor is a target molecule in the body that interacts with a drug molecule
Define receptor site
Active site of a receptor that a ligand binds to
Describe competitive inhibitor
It’s an antagonist and increasing the agonist can overcome its effects
Describe allosteric inhibitor
Allosteric inhibitor binds to the receptor outside of the active site and increasing agonist does not have any effects
What is Bmax?
Maximum binding to receptor
What is Kd
Drug concentration at which 50% of receptors are bound
What is Emax?
Point where maximum drug effect is seen
What is EC50
Concentration where 50% effect is seen
Describe physiologic antagonism
Two drugs acting on different receptors that cause opposite effects on the body
What is potency. What does it do on a graph?
Amount of drug needed to produce an effect. A drug with lower EC50 has a higher potency
Describe efficacy. How is it represented on the graph?
Efficacy is the max effect that a drug will produce regardless of dose. It is Emax on the dose-response curve
Partial agonist
Produces a lower response at full receptor occupancy
How can a partial agonist also be an antagonist?
By binding to the site it prevents a full agonist from binding
Describe Inverse agonist and the effect it has
Receptor favors inactive form, increasing the time the receptor spends in inactive form. Has opposite effect of the conventional agonist
