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Biology 1107 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

The Study of Life

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Information Transfer

A

Information is transferred within a cell, among cells, among organisms, and from one generation to the next.

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2
Q

How is energy transfered

A

Through a continuous input of energy from the sun.

Life requires this

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3
Q

Evolution

A

The genes of a population change over time

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4
Q

Cell Theory

A

Cells are the basic unit structure in every living thing, and all cells come from other basic cells.

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5
Q

Simple Cell

A

A simple cell, such as a prokaryotic cell, is a basic unit of life that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Examples include bacteria and archaea, which have a single circular chromosome and perform essential life functions within a small, uncomplicated structure.

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6
Q

Complex Cell

A

A complex cell, also known as a eukaryotic cell, has a nucleus and various membrane-bound organelles such as the mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus. These structures enable the cell to perform specialized functions, making eukaryotic cells more complex than prokaryotic cells. Examples include plant, animal, and fungal cells.

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7
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A

Cells with no nucleus or other internal organelles. Consists of bacteria and archaea from 3 domains.

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8
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A

Cells with a nucleus and organelles enclosed by membranes. The nucleus stores DNA.

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9
Q

Flagella

A

Bacteria use their flagella for locomotion based on physical or chemical changes in their external or internal environment.

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10
Q

Do plants move?

A

Yes, plants move their leaves in the direction of sunlight.

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11
Q

Biological Growth

A

Increase in size of individual cells of an organisms or number of cells over time.

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12
Q

Development

A

All changes during an organism’s life. For instance, a human develops from a fertilized egg into a multicellular organism with structures and body forms adapted to specific functions.

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13
Q

Metabolism

A

Includes all chemical activities that take place in an organism such as nutrition, growth and repair, and conservation of energy.

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14
Q

Homeostasis

A

Regulates metabolic processes to maintain an appropriate, balanced internal environment. (regulating blood sugar)

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15
Q

Energy Processing

Name different examples of energy processing and why it is crucial

A

Energy processing in biological systems involves:

Photosynthesis: Plants convert light energy into chemical energy in glucose.
Cellular Respiration: Cells convert glucose into ATP, the energy currency of the cell.
Metabolism: The total of all chemical reactions in an organism, including building up and breaking down molecules.
These processes are crucial for growth, repair, reproduction, and maintaining balance in the organism.

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16
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

Offspring have the same genes as the single parent, and variation occurs only by mutations.

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17
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

Offspring are produced by the fusion of eggs and sperm. Two parents contribute to the genes.

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18
Q

Where does life start?

A

Life on Earth began billions of years ago with simple, unicellular organisms, such as bacteria and archaea. These early life forms were the first living organisms on the planet.

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19
Q

What is the key requirements for multicellular organisms to be considered alive?

A

Multicellular organisms must be able to process energy and metabolize it independently to sustain life functions and be classified as living.

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20
Q

What happens when you organize cells together?

A

Tissue is created

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21
Q

What does tissue form?

A

Organs

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22
Q

What does organs form?

A

Organ systems form the respiratory, circulatory, and cardiovascular systems.

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23
Q

What do organisms of the same species form?

A

Population

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24
Q

What are populations of different species that populate the same area?

A

Community

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25
Q

What forms an ecosystem

A

A community, together with the nonliving environment, forms an ecosystem.

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26
Q

What do all of the ecosystems on Earth create?

A

Biosphere

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27
Q

What is the first step of the scientific method?

A

Observation: Identify a phenomenon or problem that needs explanation.

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28
Q

What comes after observation in the scientific method?

A

Question: Formulate a specific question based on the observation.

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29
Q

What step involves proposing a testable prediction in the scientific method?

A

Hypothesis: Propose a testable and falsifiable hypothesis or prediction.

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30
Q

What is the purpose of the experiment in the scientific method?

A

Experiment: Design and conduct an experiment to test the hypothesis.

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31
Q

What step involves gathering and recording data in the scientific method?

A

Data Collection: Gather and record data from the experiment.

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32
Q

What happens during the analysis step of the scientific method?

A

Analysis: Analyze the data to determine whether it supports or refutes the hypothesis.

33
Q

What is the final step where conclusions are drawn in the scientific method?

A

Conclusion: Draw conclusions based on the analysis and decide whether the hypothesis is supported.

34
Q

What step involves sharing the results in the scientific method?

A

Communication: Share the results with others, often through publication or presentations.

35
Q

Why might the experiment be repeated in the scientific method?

A

Repetition (Optional): Replicate the experiment to confirm results and ensure reliability.

36
Q

What does “correlation does not imply causation” mean in biology?

A

It means that just because two variables are correlated (related or occur together) does not mean that one variable causes the other. Correlation only shows an association, not a cause-and-effect relationship. Other factors or confounding variables might be influencing both variables.

37
Q

What is the role of DNA in transmitting genetic information?

A

DNA transmits genetic information from one generation to the next, ensuring that offspring inherit traits and characteristics from their parents.

38
Q

What is the role of genes in protein production?

A

Genes are the “code” for proteins, providing the instructions for their production in the body.

39
Q

What do proteins determine in your body?

A

Proteins determine the structure and function of everything in your body, influencing traits and biological processes.

40
Q

How do cells communicate with each other using hormones?

A

Cells communicate with each other by releasing hormones, which are chemical signals that travel through the body to regulate various functions.

41
Q

How do cells transmit information within the body?

A

Cells transmit information through electrical impulses and chemical compounds called neurotransmitters, allowing them to send signals quickly and efficiently.

42
Q

How do organisms transfer information among each other?

A

Organisms transfer information via chemicals, visual displays, or sounds.

43
Q

Why is continuous input of energy from the sun essential for life?

A

Life requires a continuous input of energy from the sun to sustain biological processes and support ecosystems.

44
Q

How does energy flow through ecosystems?

A

There is a one-way energy flow through ecosystems, starting from the sun and moving through organisms before eventually dissipating as heat.

45
Q

What do autotrophs like algae, plants, and bacteria have in common?

A

Autotrophs such as algae, plants, and bacteria produce their own food through processes like photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.

46
Q

What order do the elements come in photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide + Water + Sun energy + –> Glucose + Oxygen

47
Q

Heterotroph

A

Consumers obtain energy by breaking down food molecules produced in photosynthesis. (herbivores)

48
Q

Who do primary consumers eat?

A

Producers (plants)

49
Q

Who do secondary consumers eat?

A

Primary consumers (cows, deer, pigs)

50
Q

What happens to chemical bonds during cellular respiration?

A

During cellular respiration, chemical bonds are broken, and the stored energy is made available for the cell to use.

51
Q

What happens when you eat a plant?

A

Glucose + Oxygen –> Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy
6O2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

52
Q

What roles do most bacteria and fungi play in ecosystems?

A

Most bacteria and fungi are decomposers and heterotrophs that obtain nutrients by breaking down nonliving organic material.

53
Q

How is energy transferred?

A

Energy is transferred within cells and from one organism to another

54
Q

How do biologist name species?

A

Biologists give species a two-part name consisting of the genus first and the species name second. (e.x. Canis familiaris-dog, Canis lupis- wolf)

55
Q

What is a species?

A

Organisms that share characteristics breed together and produce viable offspring.

56
Q

How are closely related species grouped?

A

Into a genus

57
Q

Dear
King
Phillip
Came
Over
For
Great
Spaghetti

A

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

58
Q

What is the highest taxonomic rank in biological classification for organisms with eukaryotic cells?

A

Domain Eukarya.

59
Q

What is the taxonomic rank below Domain Eukarya that includes all animals?

A

Kingdom Animalia.

60
Q

What phylum includes animals with a notochord, such as vertebrates?

A

Phylum Chordate.

61
Q

Which class in biological classification includes mammals?

A

Class Mammalia.

62
Q

What order includes primates such as monkeys, apes, and humans?

A

Order Primates.

63
Q

What family within the order Primates includes humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas?

A

Family Hominidae.

64
Q

In biological classification, what is the rank below family and includes specific organisms?

A

Genus.

65
Q

What is the rank in biological classification that identifies a specific organism at the most precise level?

A

Species.

66
Q

What are the three domains of life in biological classification?

A

The three domains of life are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

67
Q

Which domain includes organisms that are single-celled prokaryotes with unique biochemistry and often live in extreme environments?

A

Domain Archaea.

68
Q

What domain includes all organisms with prokaryotic cells and includes common bacteria?

A

Domain Bacteria.

69
Q

Which domain encompasses all organisms with eukaryotic cells, including plants, animals, fungi, and protists?

A

Domain Eukarya.

70
Q

What is a key difference between the domains Bacteria and Archaea?

A

A key difference is that Archaea often live in extreme environments and have distinct biochemical and genetic characteristics compared to Bacteria.

71
Q

What type of cells do organisms in the Domain Eukarya have?

A

Organisms in the Domain Eukarya have eukaryotic cells, which contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

72
Q

What is the central idea of the theory of evolution by natural selection?

A

The central idea is that individuals with traits better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing those traits to the next generation.

73
Q

What are the four main principles of natural selection?

A
  1. Variation: Individuals in a population vary in traits.
  2. Inheritance: Traits are passed from parents to offspring.
  3. Overproduction: More offspring are produced than can survive.
  4. Differential Survival and Reproduction: Individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce.
74
Q

What do survivors of natural selection pass on to their offspring?

A

Survivors pass on their adaptations, such as changes in morphology, behavior, or chemicals, to their offspring.

75
Q

How does the environment influence which organisms survive?

A

The environment selects the best-adapted organisms in a population for survival, favoring those with traits suited to the environment.

76
Q

Does adaptation involve changes in individuals or populations?

A

Adaptation involves changes in populations, not individuals.

77
Q

What is the primary cause of variation among individuals in a population?

A

Most variations among individuals result from different varieties of genes that code for each characteristic.

78
Q

What is the ultimate source of genetic variation?

A

The ultimate source of genetic variation is random mutations, which are chemical or physical changes in DNA that can be inherited.

Biology 1107 (2 decks)

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