Chapter 1 Flashcards
1520 event when Aztecs attacked and defeated the Spanish forces
Noche triste
1494 agreement between Spain and Portugal, dividing newly discovered lands outside Europe between them
Treaty of Tordesillas
Spanish conquistador who led the conquest of the Inca Empire in the 1530s
Francisco Pizarro
small, highly maneuverable sailing ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish during the Age of Exploration
Caravel
indigenous agricultural method growing corn, beans, and squash
Three-Sister farming
Italian explorer who sailed under the English flag and is credited with discovering parts of North America in 1497
Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot)
Spanish queen who unified Spain, funded Columbus’s voyages, and completed the Reconquista.
Isabella of Castile
a Spanish colonial system where settlers were granted the labor of indigenous people in exchange for protection and conversion to Christianity
Encomienda
Spanish explorer who led expeditions in the 1540s across North America, exploring present-day southwestern U.S.
Francisco Coronado
French explorer who claimed the Mississippi River basin for France, establishing Louisiana
Robert de la Salle
Spanish Franciscan missionary who founded several missions in California in the 18th century
Father Junipero Serra
Spanish explorers and soldiers who conquered territories in the Americas during the Age of Exploration
Conquistadores
indigenous Nahua woman who served as an interpreter, advisor, and lover to Hernán Cortés during the conquest of Mexico
Malinche
the widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, and diseases between the Americas and the Old World following Columbus’s voyages
Columbian Exchange
Spanish conquistador who led the expedition that resulted in the fall of the Aztec Empire
Hernan Cortes
a geological area of exposed Precambrian rock in eastern and central Canada, known for its rugged terrain and numerous lakes
Canadian Shield
a Mesoamerican civilization in central Mexico, known for their powerful empire, rich culture, and advanced systems in agriculture and architecture
Aztecs
a South American civilization known for their empire in the Andes, advanced engineering, and unique societal structure
Incas
Native American city in Illinois, noted for its large mounds and being the center of the Mississippian culture
Cahokia
1599 conflict between Spanish conquistadors and the Acoma Pueblo in New Mexico, resulting in a brutal Spanish victory and harsh repercussions for the Pueblo
Battle of Acoma
ninth Aztec emperor that encountered Hernán Cortés and the Spanish conquistadors
Moctezuma
people of mixed European and Indigenous American ancestry
Mestizos
friar and missionary who advocated for the rights of Indigenous peoples
Bartolome de las Casas
Italian explorer whose 1492 voyage, sponsored by Spain, led to European awareness of the Americas
Christopher Columbus
Spanish monarch who unified Spain, funded Columbus’s voyages, and led the Reconquista
Ferdinand of Aragon
a propaganda term describing the exaggerated negative portrayal of Spanish colonial practices
Black legend
uprising by Pueblo Indians against Spanish rule in New Mexico, leading to the first successful Native American revolt
Pope’s Rebellion (Pueblo Revolt)
