Chapter 1

Question 1

ideology

Answer 1

a set of ideas that explain our world, the nature of human beings, and the role of a(n) individual/group

Question 2

communism

Answer 2

• also known as planned economy
• focuses on complete government control to promote collectivist economy + create fair/just society

Question 3

capitalism

Answer 3

• economic system in which the means of production of goods/services are privately owned + operated for a profit

Question 4

fascism

Answer 4

• only acting in the interest of the leader
• heavily based on strong nationalized military
• “Us VS. Them” mentality

Question 5

liberalism

Answer 5

• an individual has an influence on society based on their vote + expressed opinions

Question 6

individualism

Answer 6

• acting in the interest of the individual

Question 7

collectivism

Answer 7

• acting in the interest of the collective

Question 8

Thomas Hobbes

Answer 8

• human nature is characterized by fear, violence, and dangerous self-interest
• people should submit to a power, but have the power to overthrow if necessary
• security > freedom

Question 9

Jean Jacques Rosseau

Answer 9

• humans are inherently good but were corrupted by civilization/society
• property should be owned communally or would result in extreme corruption/jealousy

Question 10

John Locke

Answer 10

• human nature is essentially good -> born with a tabula rasa (blank slate) and are shaped by experience
• government’s only purpose is to protect the life, liberty, and property but justified by consent of the people (rep. democracy)
• give and take: people give up some natural rights to government in exchange of social order/security of themselves/property

Question 11

Baron de Montesquieu

Answer 11

• all humans are born equal (individual worth, equality)
• limited government involvement but increase in holding them accountable + separation of church/state
• government should be divided into three branches (executive, legislative, judicial) to prevent abuse of power/corruption

Question 12

Edmond Burke

Answer 12

• father of conservatism who believed freedom leads to chaos
• colonialism = bad, radicalism = dangerous, democracy = threat to social stability
• upper class should lead (cultured, educated, rich) to resist corruption

Question 13

John Stuart Mill

Answer 13

• protection of individual freedom -> to think, say, and act whatever as long as it doesn’t harm others
• believed in gender equality
• free will, limiting government power

Question 14

Adam Smith

Answer 14

• father of capitalism, disagreed with mercantilism
• author of “The Wealth of Nations”
• best economic system is based on competition and high quality materials could be accessible to anybody

Question 15

Francois-Marie Voltaire

Answer 15

• supported toleration of other religions and ethnicities
• a polygenist who speculated that each race had entirely different origins
• advocated for freedoms -> of speech

Question 16

Karl Marx

Answer 16

• author of “The Communist Manifesto” and “Das Kapital”
• believed in class struggle between proletariat and the bourgeoisie + wanted to fix it
• big on worker’s rights, equality
  entrust all power to government built/ran/owned by the people
• no one is above anybody else and everyone is taken care of

Question 17

Mary Wollstonecraft

Answer 17

• demanded equal rights for women as Enlightenment philosophers held traditional values of them
• called for greater equality in education, employment, and politics

Question 18

Robert Owen

Answer 18

• “Utopian” socialist
• States there are 3 evils of life: Private property, conventional marriage, traditional religion
• workers’ rights + profitable business could coexist

Question 19

personal identity

Answer 19

• the idea that you are a unique individual

Question 20

collective identity

Answer 20

• shared with other people as a part of a group

Question 21

beliefs and values

Answer 21

• come from culture and language – influencing our choices and behaviours

Question 22

Influences on beliefs and values

Answer 22

• family
• gender
• culture
• religion/spirituality
• environment
• relationship to the land
• language
• media

Question 23

1. family

Answer 23

• first and strongest influence
• helps form own beliefs
  ex. chores, definition of marriage, prayer and devotion

Question 24

2. gender

Answer 24

• legislation and equality
• how it is envisioned + men/women treat each other
• role differentiation
  ex. feminism, LGBTQIA+

Question 25

3. culture

Answer 25

• citizens take and keep pride in ancestry
• leads to higher rates of neutralization
  ex. Canada as a multicultural nation

Question 26

4. religion/spirituality

Answer 26

• religion: collective belief/practices
• spirituality: individual practice, sense of peace/purpose
• moral system
  inspire organizations to give back

Question 27

5. environment

Answer 27

• introduced pluralism with diverse societies
• influences how people vote
• concern for/degree of blame (tree hugger VS. steward of God)
  ex. Paris climate accord, Greta Thunberg

Question 28

6. relationship to the land

Answer 28

• First Nations: Land can’t be owned
• British: Taken, owned, used
• Livelihood – land or resources (farmers/ranchers)
  ex. Oil sands projects, treaties <- disrupt relationship

Question 29

7. language

Answer 29

• Minority linguistic groups – assimilation
  ex. Charter, Bloc + Parti Quebecois, First Nation language retention

Question 30

8. media

Answer 30

• Social VS. Print – Is it trustworthy? Too influential?
  ex. censorship, following on social media, exposure to social media, fake news

Question 31

hegemony

Answer 31

• when one group exerts political control over another