chapter 1 Flashcards
State all the names of the famous zoologists (21)
- Aristotle
- Andreas Vesalius
- William Harvey
- Leeuwenhoek
- Robert Hooke
- Carolus Linnaeus
- Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
- Georges Cuvier
- Charles Robert Darwin
- Gregor Johann Mendel
- Louis Pasteur
- Ernest Haeckel
- James Watson
- Ian Wilmut
- Hugo de vries
- Sir jagadish chandra bose
- t. hunt morgan
- alexander fleming
- salim moizuddin abdul ali
- har gobind khorana
- francis crick
State 5 characteristics of animals
- multicellular, heterotrophic
- lacking cell wall, covered by lipoproteinous plasma membrane, centrioles
- nerve & muscular cells
- reproduce sexually
- has a life cycle
Define genetic diversity
Range of genes due to presence of alleles
Define ecological diversity
variety of biological communities in a given area
What is animal taxonomy?
Also known as systematic zoology,
classification of animals into various groups
State the bases of animal classification (12)
- levels of organization
- body symmetry
- metamerism
- tagmatization
- appendages
- polarity
- body axis & plane
- coelom
- cleavage & development
- germ layers
- notochord
- vertebral column
State the of levels organization in animals (4)
- cellular level
- cell-tissue level
- tissue-organ level
- organ-system level
What is triploblastic and diploblastic?
Having 3 primary layers of germ cells
having 2 primary germ layers
State the types of body symmetry (5)
- Bilateral symmetry
- radial
- biradial
- spherical
- asymmetry
Explain bilateral symmetry
body can be divided into identical left and right (mirror images) along one plane
Explain radial symmetry
body can be divided into 2 halves along any plane passing through the central axis
Explain biradial symmetry
body components are arranged with similar parts on both sides, each of the four sides are identical to each other but opposite to its adjacent sides
Explain spherical symmetry
spherical body, can be halves through any plane
Explain asymmetry symmetry
body has no plane of symmetry
Explain endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm cells
the innermost layer of cells or tissue of an embryo in early development
the outermost layer of cells or tissue of an embryo in early development
the middle of the three primary germ layers of an embryo that is the source of many bodily tissues and structures
Define metamerism
having linear series of body segments basically similar in structure, resulting in serial repetition of unit subdivisions of ectoderm and mesoderm products
State the classifications of metamerism (2)
- pseudometamerism
- true metamerism
Define tagmatization
What is tagma?
Specialization of body region in a metameric organism for specific functions
Each of the distinct body regions
Define appendages
projecting parts of the animal body which are of less importance than the main part to which they are attached
State some of the appendages used for classification (6)
- cillia and flagella
- antenna and style
- foot/podia
- fins
- wings
- limbs
Define polarity
The formation of the body with opposite sides, such as the anterior(upper) and posterior(lower)
State the ways a bilateral animal can be divided according to their body axis (3)
- frontal
- sagittal
- transverse
Define body cavity
the liquid filled space between the alimentary canal and the body wall of triploblastic animals
What is coelom?
The body cavity lined by mesodermal peritoneal membrane
What is the peritoneal membrane?
the smooth, transparent membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and contains the internal organs of the abdomen and pelvis
What is blastocoel?
the fluid-filled cavity of the mass of cells (blastula) produced by cleavage of fertilized ovum
What is mesenchyme?
meshwork of embryonic connective tissue from which all other connective tissues of the body are formed
State the 3 types of animals based of coelom
- acoelomate
- pseudocoelomate
- eucoelomate
Define Eucoelomate
Any of the animals with “true” coelom
During embryonic stage, mesodermal cells filled the blastocoel, forming a solid band around the gut, cell division and death then forming the space inside
Define pseudocoelomate
These are the organisms that have false body cavities. They have a fluid-filled body cavity separating the gut of the organism from the body wall but it is not lined by mesoderm
Define acoelomate
an invertebrate lacking a coelom
During embryonic stage, mesodermal cells completely filled the blastocoel,
in adult the body cavity filled by muscles and mesenchyme
State the types of eucoelomate (2)
- schizocoelomate
- enterocoelomate
define schizocoelomate
any invertebrate animal that possesses a coelom formed through the splitting of the mesodermal mass (schizocoel)
Define enterocoelomate
any animal in which the mesoderm-lined body cavity (coelom) arises in the embryonic stage as an out pocketing of the developing gut
Define the cleavage process
a process of mitotic cell division where the unicellular zygote of a sexually reproduced animal transforms into a multicellular embryo
State the cells formed from cleavage (2)
- blastomeres
- compact mass: morula
State the type of cleavage (3)
- radial
- bilateral
- spiral
Explain radial cleavage
embryonic cells arranged in radial symmetry around divisional plane
Define bilateral symmetry
2 halves of mirror images of the embryonic cells
Define spiral symmetry
blastomeres are organized spirally around the embryo’s pole-to-pole axis (animal-vegetal axis)
What are the taxa which is determined due to cleavage & embryonic development (2)
- Protostomia
- Deuterostomia
State 3 differences between Protostomia & Deuterostomia (no.1)
- cleavage spiral, determined
cleavage radial, indetermined - blastopore becomes mouth
blastopore becomes anus - protostomes are schizocoelous
deuterostomes are
enterocoelous
State 2 differences between Protostomia & Deuterostomia (no.2)
- archenteron not formed
archenteron formed - larva trochophore
larva tornaria
What are germ layers?
collection of cells, layers of the gastrula.
formed during embryogenesis, found in the gastrula stage
State the differences between diploblastic & triploblastic animal (3)
- body wall develops from 2 embryonic germ layers
body wall develops from 3 embryonic germ layers - mesogloea in between ectoderm & endoderm
mesogloea absent - coelom absent
coelom present
Define notochord
flexible rod-like, semi rigid structure found in embryos of all higher animals.
composed of cells from mesoderm enclosed by fibrous sheath
State the classifications of notochords (2)
- non-chordates
- chordates
State the differences between chordates & non-chordates (5) no.1
- notochord present
notochord absent - nerve chord ganglionated, single, dorsal, hollow
nerve chord non-ganglionated, double, ventral, solid - pharyngeal gill slits present
pharyngeal gill slits absent - post anal tail present in some stages of life
post anal tail absent - ventral heart
dorsal heart
State the differences between chordates & non-chordates (5) no.2
- hgb in RBC
hgb in blood plasma - endoskeleton, exoskeleton present
exoskeleton alone - has hepatic portal system
no hepatic portal system - eyes from brain
eyes from skin - blood flow forward in ventral vessel; backward in dorsal vessel
blood flow backward in ventral vessel; forward in dorsal vessel
Define vertebral column
when the notochord is replaced by vertebrae and intervertebral discs
State the differences between non-vertebrates & vertebrates (5) no.1
- no backbone
backbone with spinal cord - can be either radial/ bilateral symmetry
shows only bilateral symmetry - post anal tail absent
post anal tail present - gut dorsal to nerve chord
gut ventral to nerve chord - pharyngeal gill slits absent
pharyngeal gill slits present (some stage)
State the differences between non-vertebrates & vertebrates (5) no.2
- heart dorsal/ lateral/ absent
heart ventral - dorsal blood vessel, it flows anteriorly
dorsal blood vessel, it flows posteriorly - no hepatic portal system
has hepatic portal system - hgb in plasma
hgb in RBC - nerve cord ventral, no ganglion
nerve cord dorsal, has ganglion
State all the taxonomic categories (7)
- kingdom
- phylum
- class
- order
- family
- genus
- species
Define subspecies
subdivision of species consisting of interbreeding, genetic isolated separate group of organisms
Define nomenclature
system of giving scientific names to each organism
State the ways to name animal species (2)
- binomial nomenclature
- trinomial nomenclature
Explain trinomial nomenclature
third name added meaning the subspecies name
Explain binomial nomenclature
animals given two latin names, first one is genus, second is species
What is tautonym?
When the generic and specific name of an animal is the same
Explain homonym & synonym in taxonomy
- identical name of two animals but they belong in different taxon
- a scientific name that applies to a taxon that (now) goes by a different scientific name than before
Explain the law of priority of taxonomy
The earlier published name is taken into consideration rather than the later published one
State the importance of classification (10)
- identify animals
- to know the animal kingdom
- naming of new species
- in phylogenic relation
- in selection of importance to ecological demand
- in pest control
- in animal breeding
- in biodiversity conservation
- predictions of evolution
- development of new science
Name the animal phyla classifications (2)
- major phyla
- minor phyla
Name the branches of animalia (3)
- mesozoa
- parazoa
- eumetazoa
State the names of all the phylum (9)
- porifera
- cnidaria
- platyhelminthes
- nematoda
- mollusca
- annelida
- arthropoda
- echinodermata
- chordata
State what porifera includes
Sponges, ‘pore-bearers’
Some species feed on bacteria in water, others has photosynthesizing hosts
State the characteristics of porifera (4)
- many ostia which then connects into a canal system (internal)
- choanocytes line the chambers of canal system
- canal system has central spongocoel, opens outside through osculum
- internal skeleton of spicules/ spongin fibres
State what cnidaria includes
fleshy polyp hydras, jellyfish
State the characteristics of cnidaria (4)
- diploblastic: epidermis, medogloae, gastrodermis
- cnidoblast cell in ectoderm
- coelenteron
- some form coral
Define coelenteron
central body cavity of cnidaria, opens exterior by mouth, no anus
Define cnidoblast
stinging cells containing nematocyst (poison)
Explain sessile
Immobile organisms
State what Platyhelminthes includes
flatworms, mostly parasitic to humans
What are proglottids?
a segment of a tapeworm containing both male and female reproductive organs
What is protonephridia?
a network of dead-end tubules connected to external openings
State what nematoda includes
threadworms and round worms, most abundant organisms, they are decomposers predator on microorganisms
Explain longitudinal & circular muscles
fibres run lengthwise along the body
fibres encircle the body
Define sexual dimorphism
the systematic difference in form between individuals of different sex in the same species
State the characteristics of plantyhelminthes (4)
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State the characteristics of nematoda (4)
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State the characteristics of Mollusca (4)
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State what includes in mollusca
Largest marine phylum, such as snails, octopus
Herbivorous, huge range in size
State the characteristics of annelida (4)
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Explain syncytial
a single cell or cytoplasmic mass containing several nuclei
Explain mantle of molluscs
the dorsal body wall that hides the visceral body part
define radula in molluscs
a tough band bearing teeth that occurs in some mollusks and is used to scrape or tear off food and bring it into the mouth
Define pulmonary sacs in molluscs
a hollow organ having a contractile exterior opening and lined with a network of blood vessels that functions as a lung
State which organisms include in annelida
ringed worms
Define metameres
one of a series of similar body segments into which some animals are divided longitudinally
Define parapodia
each of a number of paired muscular bristle-bearing appendages used in locomotion
Define nephridia
a tubule open to the exterior which acts as an organ of excretion or osmoregulation
State the characteristics of arthropoda (4)
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State the characteristics of echinodermata (4)
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State the characteristics of chordata (5)
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Define ecdysis
the process of shedding the old skin/ cuticle
State meaning of compound eyes
an eye consisting of an array of numerous small visual units
Define detritivores
an animal which feeds on dead organic material
Define suspension feeders
an aquatic animal which feeds on particles of organic matter suspended in the water
Define pedicellaria
a defensive organ like a minute pincer present in large numbers
Define perihaemal
the blood-vascular system of canals and spaces
Define endostyle
a longitudinal, ciliated organ on the ventral wall of the pharynx that secretes mucus used by filter feeders to trap food
